The objective of
ISRO is to develop space technology and its application to various national
tasks. Accordingly, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has successfully operationalized
two major satellite systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for
communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for
management of natural resources; also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
for launching IRS type of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites.
The Space Commission
formulates the policies and oversees the implementation of the Indian space
programme to promote the development and application of space science and
technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. DOS implements these
programmes through, mainly Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Physical
Research Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL),
North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and Semi-Conductor Laboratory
(SCL). The Antrix Corporation, established in 1992 as a government owned
company, markets the space products and services.
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Current Programme
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From the beginning,
space activities in the country, concentrated on achieving self reliance and
developing capability to build and launch communication satellites for
television broadcast, telecommunications and meteorological applications;
remote sensing satellites for management of natural resources.
Accordingly, Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major
satellite systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication
services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural
resources; also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching IRS type
of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching
INSAT type of satellites.
Satellites
(a) Indian National
Satellite (INSAT) System
The INSAT series,
commissioned in 1983, has today become one of the largest domestic satellites
systems in the Asia-Pacific region comprising nine satellites in service.
1. GSAT-12 Launched
on July 15, 2011
2. GSAT-8 Launched
on May 21, 2011
3. INSAT-4CR Launched on Sep 02, 2007
4. INSAT-4B Launched on Mar 12, 2007
5. INSAT-4A Launched on Dec 22, 2005
6. INSAT-3E Launched on Sep 28, 2003
7. INSAT-3A Launched on Apr 10, 2003
8. KALPANA-1 Launched on Sep 12, 2002
9. INSAT-3C Launched on Jan 24, 2002
(b) Indian Remote
Sensing (IRS) Satellite System
The Indian Remote Sensing
(IRS) satellite system is one of the largest constellations of remote sensing
satellites in operation in the world today. The IRS programme commissioned with
the launch of IRS-1A in 1988 presently includes twelve satellites that continue
to provide imageries in a variety of spatial resolutions from better than one
metre ranging upto 500 metres.
1. RISAT-1 Launched
on Apr 26, 2012 by PSLV-C19
2. Megha-Tropiques Launched on Oct 12, 2011 by PSLV-C18
3. RESOURCESAT-2 Launched on Apr 20, 2011 by PSLV-C16
4. CARTOSAT-2B Launched on July 12, 2010 by PSLV-C15
5. OCEANSAT-2 Launched on Sept 23, 2009 by PSLV-C14
6. RISAT-2 Launched
on Apr 20, 2009 by PSLV-C12
7. CARTOSAT-2A Launched on Apr 28, 2008 by PSLV-C9
8. IMS-1 Launched
on Apr 28, 2008 by PSLV-C9
9. CARTOSAT - 2 Launched on Jan 10, 2007 by PSLV-C7
10. CARTOSAT-1 Launched on May 05, 2005 by PSLV-C6
11. RESOURCESAT-1 Launched on Oct 17, 2003 by PSLV-C5
12. TES Launched
on Oct 22, 2001 by PSLV-C3
Launch Vehicles
Today, Indian space Programme
has become self-reliant with the operationalization of two satellite launch
vehicles, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), mainly for launching IRS class
of satellites in polar orbits and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV) for launching communication satellites into geo-synchronous transfer
orbit. GSLV can carry 2- 2.5 tonne satellite in to 36,000 Kilometer range for
geo stationery transfer orbit and India was the sixth country in the world to
have this capability.
So far ;
PSLV has twenty one
consecutively successful flights out of twenty two launches
GSLV has four
successful flights of seven launches
Satellite
Applications
Space has become the
mainstay of national infrastructure providing vital services. INSAT system is
providing tele-communications, television broadcasting, weather forecasting and
societal application services such as tele-medicine and tele-education IRS
System with Nine satellites in operation is providing data for a variety of
application programmes such as Groundwater Prospects Mapping, Crop Acreage and
Production Estimation, Potential Fishing Zone Forecast, Biodiversity
Characterisation etc., In order to reach space-based services directly to the
rural population, nearly 500 Village Resource Centres (VRCs) have been set up in
association with NGOs, Institutes and Government Agencies.
(a) INSAT
Applications
The telephone
circuit devices through INSAT connect remote inaccessible areas to major cities
in India. The launch of INSAT-4A during December 2005, INSAT-4B in and INSAT-
4CR in 2007 have ushered in Direct To Home (DTH) television services in the
country. Television reaches 85 percent of India's population via INSAT. Over
200 AIR stations are linked via INSAT network. In the recent years, Very Small
Aperture Terminals (VSAT) have revolutionised our telecommunications sector.
INSAT supports over 20,000 VSATs for e-commerce and e-governance. National
Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange use VSAT technology across the country
for instantaneous transactions. Today exclusive channels are provided for
interactive training and Developmental communication including distance
learning.
India has an
exclusive meteorological satellite Kalpana - 1. The imaging instruments (VHRR)
& (CCD) collect meteorological data and provide timely warnings on
impending cyclones. The data relay transponder in the INSAT system is used for
collect real time hydro meteorological data for river monitoring flow forces.
The launch of EDUSAT
on September 20, 2004 heralded new era in the field of distance education and
today, about 35,000 class rooms are in the EDUSAT network providing services at
primary, secondary and university levels.
The satellite based
telemedicine network has expanded its network connecting 375 hospitals (305
remote and rural hospitals including those in Jammu & Kashmir, North
Eastern region and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 13 mobile units and 57 super
specialty hospitals in major cities).
(b) IRS Applications
Imagery taken by
Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellite System has found application in diverse
fields ranging from agriculture to urban planning. Crop health monitoring, crop
yield estimation and drought assessment are the significant areas of application
in the agriculture and the allied fields. Soil mapping at different scales with
relative ease has become a reality.
IRS data has also
been used for Ground Water potential zone mapping and mineral targeting tasks.
The ocean applications of IRS data include potential fishing zone
identification and coastal zone mapping.
Forest cover
mapping, biodiversity characterisation and monitoring of forest fire is now
carried out using IRS imagery. IRS spacecraft provide timely inputs to Flood
and earthquake damage assessment thereby providing the necessary supportive
strength to disaster management. Even in the field of Archaeological survey,
the utility of IRS imagery has been well established.
The judicious
combination of information derived from space based imagery with the ground
based socio economic data is leading to a holistic approach for resource
monitoring and its management.
(c) Village Resource
Centre (VRC)
Combining the
services offered by INSAT and IRS satellites, a new concept namely Village
Resource Centre (VRC) to provide information on natural resources, land and
water resources management, tele-medicine, tele-education, adult education,
vocational training, health and family welfare programmes has been established.
Nearly 500 such VRCs have been established in the country.
ISRO Centers
1. Vikram Sarabhai
space Centre (VSCC) Thiruvananthapuram
2. ISRO Satellite
Centre (ISAC) Bangalore
3. Satish Dhawan
Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota
4. Liquid Propulsion
System Centre (LPSC) Valimala, Mahendragiri, Bangalore
5. Space Application
Centre (SAC) Ahmedabad
6. National Remote Sensing
Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad
7. ISRO Telemetry,
Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) Bangalore
8. Master Control Facility
(MCF) BHOPAL, Hassan
9. ISRO Inertial
System Unit (IISU) Thiruvananthapuram
10. Laboratory for
Electro-Optic Systems (LEOS) Bangalore
11. Development and
Educational Communication Unit (DECU)
12. Regional Remote
Sensing Centers (RRSC) North, East, West, South and Central
13. Indian Institute
of Space Science & Technology (IIST) Thiruvananthapuram
14. Indian Institute
of Remote Sensing (IIRS) Dehradun
15. Physical
Research Laboratory (PRL) Ahmedabad
16. National
Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) Gadanki
17. North
Eastern-Space Application Centre (NESAC) Shillong
18. Semi-Conductor
Laboratory (SCL) Chandigarh
19. Antrix
Corporation Limited Bangalore
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