Nirbhay
Nirbhay
is a long range, first subsonic cruise
missile being developed in India. The missile will have a range of 1,000 km.
Nirbhay will be capable of being launched from multiple platforms on land, sea
and air. The missile will be able of carrying 24 different types of warheads
and shall be inducted into Indian Navy, Army, and Air Force. In particular,
Nirbhay will be adapted for the Indo/Russian Su-30MKI.It was reported in May
2010 that the missile will be capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
Development
The missile is being developed by the
Aeronautical Development Establishment, a division of DRDO and after finalizing
the design, the technology required for the missile is being developed. The
first test flight of the missile is expected in the year 2012. It was likely to
be test-fired in October, 2012. But the launch, earlier planned for October,
has now been shifted to December owing to the changes being made to the
launcher. It is being built by R&D Engineers, Pune, a specialised arm of
DRDO. Nirbhay will be a terrain hugging, stealth missile capable of delivering
24 different types of warheads depending on mission requirements and will use an
inertial navigation system for guidance. Nirbhay will supplement Brahmos in the
sense that it would enable delivery of warheads farther than the 290 km range
of Brahmos.
3M-54
Klub
The
Russian 3M-54 Klub is a multi-role missile system developed by the Novator
Design Bureau(OKB-8). Its NATO reporting name is SS-N-27. Both submarine and
surface ship launched versions exist. The system is designed to accept various
warheads, allowing its use against surface and subsurface naval combatants
along with static land targets. In one variant, the 3M-54E (Sizzler), the final
stage makes a supersonic 'sprint' to its target, reducing the time the target's
defense systems have to react. The 3M-54E1 subsonic missile is roughly
comparable to both the American Tomahawk cruise missile and the ASROC missile
but is smaller and has a shorter range.
Design
The
missile is a modular system with 5 different variants: two anti-shipping
variants, one land attack variant, and two anti-submarine variants. The missile
is designed to share common components between the surface and sub-launched
variants with the only difference being the design of the missile launchers and
the containers. An air-launched version is believed to be in development.
Sizzler'
flight
The Sizzler variant (3M-54E) flies at
subsonic speeds while going supersonic as it nears its target. It is also
believed to be able to perform very high angled defensive maneuvers in contrast
to the common linear flight path of other anti-ship cruise missiles.
Variants
There are two major launching
vehicles: the Klub-S, designed for launch from submarines, and the Klub-N,
designed for launch from surface ships. These two launchers can be equipped by
the following warhead and guidance combinations:
3M-54E - Anti-shipping variant, Basic
length 8.22 m, with a 200 kg warhead. Range is 200 km. Sea-skimmer with
supersonic terminal speed and flight altitude of 15 feet (4.6 m) at final
stage(2.9 mach).
3M-54E1 - Anti-shipping variant, Basic
length 6.2 m, with a 400 kg warhead. Range is 300 km. Sea-skimmer with subsonic
terminal speed(0.8 mach). Allegedly capable of disabling or even sinking an
aircraft carrier.
3M-14E - Inertial guidance land attack
variant. Basic length 6.2 m, with a 400 kg warhead. Range is 275 km. Subsonic
terminal speed(0.8 mach).
91RE1
- Submarine launched anti-submarine variant, with an anti-submarine torpedo.
Basic length 8.0 m, with a range of 50 km. Supersonic speed. The torpedo has a
warhead weight of 76 kg. This, along with the 91RE2, are similar to the
American ASROC/SUBROC missile/torpedo system. Follows a ballistic path into the
surface, speed is Mach 2.5.
91RE2
- Ballistically launched anti-submarine variant, with an anti-submarine
torpedo. Basic length 6.5 m, with a range of 40 km Supersonic speed. The
torpedo has a warhead weight of 76 kg. For surface ship use only. The lightest
of all variants, with a launch weight of 1300 kg. Speed is Mach 2.
Launch
Platforms
The
Russian Kilo class submarine is the primary launch platform for the missile.
The future Russian Lada class submarine and its variants should also be able to
launch the missile. The Indian Talwar class frigate is another primary
shipborne launch platform for the missile. The Akula class submarine and the
new Yasen class can also launch this missile. The new Russian Admiral Sergei
Gorshkov class frigates and the second batch of Steregushchy class corvettes
use the same UKSK VLS as Talwar class frigates, and thus would be able to carry
these missiles as well.
It
is also believed by some analysts that an air launched variant will be
developed to arm the Tu-142s currently in service with both the Russian and
Indian Navy, and it is also anticipated that the Tu-22M3 operated by the Indian
Navy will also be equipped with the missile. A truck mounted version is also
planned for development by the Novator Design Bureau.
A
Klub-K variant, which launches from commercial-appearing shipping container
mounted on a truck, train, or merchant vessel, was advertised in 2010 and was
shown for the first time at the MAKS 2011 airshow.
P-270 Moskit
The P-270 Moskit (Russian: П-270
«Москит»; English: Mosquito) is a Russian supersonic ramjet powered cruise
missile. Its GRAU designation is 3M80, and its NATO reporting name is SS-N-22
Sunburn. The missile system was designed by the Raduga Design Bureau during the
1970s as a follow up to the "SS-N-9 Siren". The Moskit was originally
designed to be ship launched, but variants have been adapted to be launched
from land (modified trucks), underwater (submarines) and air (reportedly the
Sukhoi Su-33, a naval variant of the Sukhoi Su-27). The missile can carry
conventional and nuclear warheads.
The exact classification of the
missile is unknown, with varying types reported. This uncertainty is due to the
secrecy surrounding an active military weapon. The Moskit is one of the
missiles known by the NATO codename SS-N-22 Sunburn. It reaches a speed of Mach
3 at high altitude and Mach 2.2 at low-altitude. This speed is triple the speed
of the subsonic American Harpoon. When slower missiles, like the Harpoon or the
French Exocet are used, the maximum theoretical response time for the defending
ship is 120 to 150 seconds. This long response time provides time to launch
countermeasures and employ jamming before deploying "hard" defense
tactics such as launching missiles and using quick-firing artillery. But the
high speed of the 3M82 "Mosquito" missiles reduce the maximum theoretical
response time for the defending ship to 25 to 30 seconds. This short response
time makes jamming and countermeasures very difficult, and firing missiles and
quick-firing artillery even more difficult. The Moskit was designed to be
employed against smaller NATO naval groups in the Baltic Sea (Danish and
German) and the Black Sea (Turkish) and non-NATO vessels in the Pacific
(Japanese, South Korean, etc.), and to defend the Russian mainland against NATO
amphibious assault.
Variants of the missile have been
designated 3M80M, 3M82 (Moskit M).[3] The P-270 designation is believed to be
the initial product codename for the class of missile, with the Russian
Ministry of Defense GRAU indices (starting with 3M) designating the exact
variant of the missile. The 3M80 was its original model. The 3M80M model (also
termed 3M80E for export) was a 1984 longer range version of the missile, with
the latest version with the longest range being the 3M82 Moskit M. The ASM-MMS
/ Kh-41 variant is the air launched version of the missile.The missile has been
purchased by the People's Liberation Army Navy (China) and India.
BRAHMOS
Origins
The
BrahMos has been developed as a joint venture between the Defence Research and
Development Organization (DRDO) of India and the Federal State Unitary
Enterprise NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) of Russia under BrahMos Aerospace. The
missile is named after two rivers, the Brahmaputra and the Moskva
Since
late 2004, the missile has undergone several tests from variety of platforms
including a land based test from the Pokhran range in the desert, in which the
'S' manueuver at Mach 2.8 was demonstrated for the Indian Army and a launch in
which the land attack capability from sea was demonstrated.
Keltec
(now known as BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Ltd or BATL), an Indian state owned
firm was acquired by Brahmos Corporation in 2008. Approximately 1,500 crore
(US$283.5 million) will be invested in the facility to make Brahmos components
and integrate the missile systems. This was necessitated by the increased order
book of the missile system, with orders having been placed by both the Indian
Army and Navy. Tested at: Pokhran
Description
BrahMos
claims to have the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as
10 metres in altitude. It can gain a speed of Mach 2.8, and has a maximum range
of 290 km. The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg
warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg
warhead. It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket
for initial acceleration and a liquid-fuelled ramjet responsible for sustained
supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel-efficient
than rocket propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure
rocket-powered missile would achieve.
The
high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration
characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-missiles such as the Tomahawk.
Being twice as heavy and almost four times faster than the Tomahawk, the
BrahMos has almost 9 times the initial kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile
(although it pays for this by having only 3/5 the payload and a fraction of the
range despite weighing twice as much, suggesting a different tactical paradigm
to achieve the objective). Its 2.8 mach speed means that it cannot be
intercepted by some existing missile defence system and its precision makes it
lethal to water targets.
Although
BrahMos was primarily an anti-ship missile, the Brahmos Block III can also
engage land based targets. It can be launched either in a vertical or inclined
position and is capable of covering targets over a 360 degree horizon. The
BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land, sea, and sub-sea
platforms.[citation needed] The air-launched version has a smaller booster and
additional tail fins for added stability during launch. The BrahMos is
currently being configured for aerial deployment with the Su-30MKI as its
carrier. On 5 September 2010 BrahMos created a record for the first supersonic
steep dive. Brahmos was first test fired on 12 June 2001 from the Integrated
Test Range (ITR), Chandipur in a vertical launch configuration.
Brahmos
Block III+ was test fired from a Mobile Autonomous Launcher on 2 December 2010
with a new advanced guidance scheme incorporating large scale manoeuvres at
multiple points and a steep dive from high altitude with precision strike.
Brahmos completed all manoeuvres, hitting the target precisely. On 12 August
2011 it was test fired by ground forces and met all mission parameters. The
BrahMos cruise missile was successfully test fired by an Indian Army unit on
Sunday, 4 March 2012 at the Pokharan range in Jaisalmer to operationalise the
second regiment of the weapon system in the Indian Army.
The
Indian Navy on 7 October 2012 morning successfully test-fired BrahMos from a
guided missile frigate INS Teg. This new highly manoeuvrable version is fitted
with advanced satellite navigation systems turning it into a
"super-rocket" capable of hitting targets over 300–500 km from sea,
land and air launchers, and capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.
BrahMos-2
BrahMos-2 is a stealth hypersonic
cruise missile currently under development and has a range of 290 km. The range
of Brahmos-2 has been regulated to 290 km as Russia is a signatory of the
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) which does not allow it to help other
countries to develop missiles with ranges above 300 kilometres. With a speed of
Mach 7 it will have a speed double the speed of the current Brahmos-1, and it
has accordingly been branded as the fastest hypersonic missile in the world
BrahMos II land variant design has
been completed and 4 surface to surface variants are ready to be tested. Rest
of the variants will be tested in the successive years of 2012–13, design is
projected to be completed by October 2011 and will arm the Project 15B destroyers
of the Indian Navy. In Russian navy project 21956 Destroyers are most likely to
be equipped with BrahMos II.[82]
Akash
Akash is a medium-range mobile surface-to-air
missile defense system developed by the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO), Ordnance Factories Board and Bharat Electronics Limited
(BEL) in India. The missile system can target aircraft up to 30 km away, at
altitudes up to 18,000 m. A nuclear warhead could potentially give the missile
the capability to destroy both aircraft and warheads from ballistic missiles.
It is in operational service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.
The first test flight of Akash missile
was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March 1997.
Two Akash missiles intercepted two
fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode in 2005. 3-D Central
Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR) group mode performance is also fully established.
Along with India, a limited number of
other countries including the US, Russia, Japan, Israel, and some EU countries
have developed operational multitarget-handling surface-to-air missile systems.
With the successful user trials of Akash, India has validated the technology
and operational efficacy of this missile system. This system is claimed to be
more accurate than the MIM-104 Patriot as it has thrust during the entire
course of its flight compared to the Patriot that has thrust only for the first
12 seconds, after which the missile coasts, thus making it less accurate. Apart
from that the Akash can be launched from static or mobile platforms, including
a battle tank. The Akash Missile Development cost of 1,000crore ($200 million), including the
project sanction of 600 crore ($120
million), is 8-10 times lower than the cost of similar system developments in
other countries. Akash has certain unique characteristics like mobility,
all-the-way-powered flight till target interception, multiple target handling,
digitally-coded command guidance and fully automatic operation.
As reported on June 11, 2010, Akash
Mk-II version has begun development and will be ready for a first flight in 24
months. The Akash Mk-II will be a longer-range, faster and more accurate SAM.
The missile will have an intercept range of 30–35 km and increase in the
accuracy of the missile's guidance system and the fire control system.
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