Urbanization
refers to general increase in population and the amount of industrialization of
a settlement. It includes increase in the number and extent of cities. It
symbolizes the movement of people from rural to urban areas. Urbanization
happens because of the increase in the extent and density of urban areas. The
density of population in urban areas increases because of the migration of
people from less industrialized regions to more industrialized areas. The
concept “Urban Sprawl” means increase in spatial scale or increase in the
peripheral area of cities. “Urban Sprawl” has its own drawbacks.
The
city and its infrastructure may not be adequately planned.
Traffic
is high with increased time needed for commuting.
Essential
services are not reachable within time.
City
administration becomes extremely difficult.
An
excellent example of urban sprawl within our country is that of the city of
Bangalore. After the establishment of IT industry in Bangalore, the population
exploded from 24,76,355 in 1980 to 42,92,223 in 2001 with influx of 18 lakh immigrants within two decades. The growing population
has increased pressure on several resources including civic amenities,
residential availability, cost of living, local infrastructure, transport,
traffic and administration. Bangalore has lost many if its water bodies (lakes)
and consequently the fragile ecosystem has been disturbed due to the ever-increasing
need for space, to cater to residences and business establishments.
The
beginning of urbanization can be traced back to Renaissance times in 16th century. Turkish assaults resulted in movement of
Christians from the east to western European countries. As a result, trade grew
and European cities along the coasts developed greatly. A further boost for
urbanization was created with the arrival of the “Industrial Revolution”.
Populations of cities in Europe and USA started to increase significantly in
the 18th and 19th centuries. However,
urbanization started in Asia only in the first half of the 20th
century and in the second half of the 20th century in
Africa, when the countries obtained independence from colonial rule. An example
for a dramatic increase in extent and population of cities is Chicago in USA.
The population increased from 15 people to about 20 million, within a span of 78 years.
Urbanization
In The World Today
This
table presents the increase in urbanization in the World. MEDC refers to Most
Economically Developed Countries and LEDC to Least Economically Developed
Countries. Today as compared to Asian and African countries, countries such as
USA and UK have a higher urbanization level. Economic forces helped to locate
factories and workers in cities. In USA 5% of the
population lived in cities in 1800. By 1920 50%
of the population lived in cities. In comparison only 17.8%
of population of Third world societies lived in cities in 1950. But
by 2000, the percentage had increased to 40%.
By 2030, the percentage is predicted to increase to
60%. Australia is the most urbanized country in the world.
Both the rate and level of urbanization in Australia are high.
CAUSES
OF URBANIZATION
Urbanization
usually occurs when people move from villages to cities to settle, in hope of a
higher standard of living. This usually takes place in developing countries. In
rural areas, people become victims of unpredictable weather conditions such as
drought and floods, which can adversely affect their livelihood. Consequently
many farmers move to cities in search of a better life. This can be seen in
Karnataka as well where farmers from Raichur, Gulbarga districts which are
drought-stricken areas, migrate to Bangalore to escape poverty. Cities in
contrast, offer opportunities of high living and are known to be places where
wealth and money are centralized. Most industries and educational institutions
are located in cities whereas there are limited opportunities within rural
areas. This further contributes to migration to cities.
Urbanization
means the physical growth of urban areas by migration of people from rural
areas to urban areas. A more technical definition is given by the United
Nations as “Urbanization means movement of people from rural area to urban
areas resulting population growth which is equal to urban migration.” In the above
definition given by UN the key word is “movement”. Urbanization may occur for
the following reasons. Economic reasons: - The urban areas offer better
wage-labor opportunity than the rural areas due to the conglomeration of
industrial and service sectors (primary and secondary economic activities). On
the other hand the rural economic structure is waning because of a variety of
reasons like: breakdown of jajmani system (in India), fragmentation of
cultivation land, erratic monsoon and failure of crops etc. So the rural people
head towards the urban areas to get employed as wage laborers in industries or
construction sites or as maid servants (in case of females). Educational
reasons: - The premium institutes of higher education’s are mainly located in
the
urban
areas. So education results in migration to urban areas. Though on the surface
it seems to be a temporary one but after education people don’t want to go back
to the villages again and they settle in the urban areas for the lucrative job
offers they provide. So the temporary migration becomes a permanent one.
Spatial
mobility: -
When the head of the family is employed in any
organization in the urban area, it is seen in many cases his family accompanies
him there. So this results in movement to urban areas. Reverse urbanization: -
When the cities grow the adjacent rural areas are gradually embedded in the
urban area and form a urban agglomerate. In this way though there is no
absolute migration from rural to urban areas still it is a case of urbanization.
E.g. cities like Rio- De-Genera, Mexico City and Shanghai have spread in the
above manner.
FUTURE
OF URBANIZATION
Urbanization
is set to stay for a long time. It may slow but surely does not show any signs
of stopping. In 1985, 45% of the
world population stayed in cities. Scientists estimate that 60%
of the world population will be city dwellers by 2025.
The
main goal of urban planning is to make all amenities and comforts available to
the public without imposing many negative effects on society and environment,
aptly referred to as “Sustainable growth”. The cardinal rule is to plan cities
beforehand, rather than let them grow spontaneously and haphazardly. During
city planning it should be ensured that adequate infrastructure is available to
support the population. Residences should be conveniently located near the
civic bodies. This could improve effective provision of the necessary services.
Opportunities can be created within rural areas to reduce stress on cities.
This also results in a higher standard of living for the people of the country
as a whole. Some of the villages in South Kanara district of Karnataka set a
good example for this. They have efficient transport and communication system
and electricity. Cooperatives have been set up to provide financial aid to
peasants. The rural people have been encouraged to engage in cottage industries
and commercial activities such as making pickles, handicrafts, sweets and
savories. Through cooperative agencies, marketing of these goods also has
become easy. This is an efficient method of curbing urbanization, by creating
opportunities for people in villages. This reduces the rate of migration.
Currently,
planning cities for sustainable growth, mainly in the third-world societies, is
a major challenge for humanity. Restricting the population boom is another
major issue of the third millennium. All these vital factors would decide what
the future would look like for humankind and our planet. Although it is
impossible to restrict urbanization it can be ensured that the path of the
development can move in the right path.
The
Current Scenario Of Urbanization:
The
UN-Habitat report of 2008 says ten years down the line
majority of the world population would be living in urban areas. The report for
the first time used the term “Urban Millennium” to describe the phenomena of
rapid urbanization. If one goes by the trends of urbanization it is seen that urbanization
is highest in the developing countries because of the unstable socio-economic
structure. If one goes by the continent wise urbanization is highest in Asia
and Africa followed by Latin America. In regard to future trends, it is
estimated 93% of urban growth will occur in Asia and
Africa, and to a lesser extent in Latin America and the Caribbean. By 2050 over 6 billion people, two thirds of
humanity, will be living in towns and cities. Is urbanization a recent
phenomenon? The answer will be no. The first process of urbanization started
with industrial revolution. But it has become too obvious in the recent times
due to its sheer magnitude.
Hazards
Associated With Urbanization:
Migration
of population - Urbanization is now mainly a trend in Africa and Asia, where
only about 40 percent of the population is urban today.
Driven by continued high population growth and economic growth in parts of the
regions, the urban population is expected to double between 2000
and 2030, reaching 54 and 55 percent respectively.
Pressure
on infrastructure - There is an immense pressure on land, water and
infrastructure like public transport, places, health care, law and order etc.
The growth of infrastructure will be unable to cope with the rapid
urbanization.
1.
Housing Problems - Urbanization leads to an
increased demand for land bank which pushes the property prices. It’s no wonder
that a large percentage of city-dwellers are poor, with an estimated 1 billion living in slums. Unable to find affordable houses
leads to encroachment of pavements and creation of slums.
2.
Water - Increase in the urban population increases
the demand and consumption of water. It becomes a challenge to supply drinking
water for humans living especially in the slum areas. In 1985
there were 100 million more people without water service
than in 1975. Limited access to drinking water poses
serious health hazards and easy spread of water borne diseases across the
masses.
3.
Public Transport & Traffic - Cities and towns
have depended heavily on ground transport for the movement of people and goods.
Thus, the increase in urbanization throughout the world has been accompanied by
a sharp growth in urban traffic and the public transport system of the urban
cities is choked. However, such a situation has generated a large number of
accidents. Some 500,000 people are killed in traffic
accidents each year, twothirds of which occur in urban or peri-urban areas. In
addition, according to many studies in different countries, for every death
there are ten to twenty persons injured.
Urbanity
and health - Though urbanization allows more accessibility to health services,
it also creates health hazards. In such urban areas the air, land and water are
often contaminated, spreading disease. Health hazards resulting from
urbanization are mainly connected to air pollution, as well as crime, traffic
and lifestyle. The burning of fossil fuels from transportation, industry and
energy production is the main culprit regarding outdoor urban air pollution.
Another health hazard common the cities is connected to lifestyle and
consumption patterns, including dietary changes and obesity.
Sanitation
and Drainage - Globally some 2.4 billion people do not
have access to improved sanitation. Every day as many as 30,000
people die from preventable water- and hygiene-related diseases and the
children are most prone to the water bourne disease. The recent floods and
heavy torrential rain shows how inadequate is the present urban drainage.
Wastewater collection, ventilated and improved human pit latrines, shallow
piped sewerage systems, waste water treatment and re-use of waste water for
agriculture and aquaculture are some of the steps towards good sanitation.
Increases
in prices - Due to rising income levels, the disposable income also increases
which drives the consumption and the consumption patterns. The increased
consumption trend pushes the price of essential items and services.
Pollution
- The hazard generated by the expansion of urban traffic is air and noise
pollution. Health problems include acute and chronic respiratory diseases,
malignancies and hearing deficiencies.
Waste
management - 30 to 50% of solid waste
generated within urban centres are left uncollected. More than two billion
people still have no sanitary means to dispose of human waste (Hardoy,
Cairncross and Satterthwaite 1990; WHO Commission on
Health and Environment 1992b). Due to environmental
considerations recycling and reuse of wastes are of utmost importance in the
urban area. Large amount of toxic waste are also produced in the urban areas.
Spread of Disease - Urban areas have usually high density of population, a fact
which facilitates the spread of communicable diseases like urban malaria,
dengue and yellow fever.
Psychological
- Urbanization has often had psychosocial consequences such as stress,
alienation, instability and insecurity; which, in their turn, have led to
problems such as depression and alcohol and drug abuse. Marital instability and
thus high number of divorce cases in the urban areas are common symptoms of the
psychological disturbance of the urban mass.
Urbanity
and food - In most societies, agriculture is the backbone of the economic
foundations for development, whereas urbanization lays the foundation for the
next step in economic development, industrialization. Industrial activities are
mostly located in urban areas, or the establishment of industrial enterprises
spurs development of urban centers. Where land and water are scarce, urban
areas compete with agriculture. Farmers can suddenly find themselves outbid for
land by industrial firms, jeopardizing the production of food. Food security is
a major challenge closely connected to urbanization. The impact of urbanization
on agriculture is also connected to the consumption patterns of city
populations. Rising incomes lead to higher consumption and increased pressure
on natural resources, especially in developed countries. Urban consumption may
be a more imminent problem than the actual urban concentrations, causing a
substantial urban footprint.
EFFECTS
OF URBANIZATION
Urbanization
brings with it several consequences – both adverse and beneficial. They impact
on social and environmental areas.
Adverse
Effects Of Urbanization
There
is increasing competition for facilities due to the high standard of living in
urban areas, which has triggered several negative effects. Many people
including farmers who move to cities in search of a better life end up as
casual laborers as they lack adequate education. This leads to one of the worst
problems of urbanization - the growth of slums.
Slums
They
are urban areas that are heavily populated with substandard housing and very
poor living conditions. As a result several problems arise.
Land
insecurity - Slums are usually located on land, which are not owned by the slum
dwellers. They can be evicted at any time by the landowners.
Poor
living conditions - Crowding and lack of sanitation are main problems. This
contributes to outbreak of diseases. Utilities such as water, electricity and
sewage disposal are also scarce.
Unemployment
- Since the number of people competing for jobs is more than jobs available,
unemployment is an inevitable problem.
Crime
- Slum conditions make maintenance of law and order difficult. Patrolling of
slums is not a priority of law enforcing officers. Unemployment and poverty
force people into antisocial activities. Slums become a breeding ground for
criminal activities. Environmental impacts of urbanization
Temperature
- Due to factors such as paving over formerly vegetated land, increasing number
of residences and high-rise apartments and industries, temperature increases
drastically.
Air
pollution - Factories and automobiles are symbols of urbanization. Due to
harmful emissions of gases and smoke from factories and vehicles, air pollution
occurs. Current research shows high amount of suspended particulate matter in
air, particularly in cities, which contributes to allergies and respiratory
problems thereby becoming a huge health hazard.
Water
issues - When urbanization takes place, water cycle changes as cities have more
precipitation than surrounding areas. Due to dumping of sewage from factories
in water bodies, water pollution occur which can lead to outbreaks of
epidemics.
Destruction
of Habitats - To make an area urbanized, a lot of forested areas are destroyed.
Usually these areas would have been habitats to many birds and animals.
Benefits
Of Urbanization
Though
urbanization has drawbacks, it has its benefits.
Efficiency
- Cities are extremely efficient. Less effort is needed to supply basic
amenities such as fresh water and electricity. Research and recycling programs
are possible only in cities. In most cities flats are in vogue today. Many
people can be accommodated within a small land area.
Convenience
- Access to education, health, social services and cultural activities is
readily available to people in cities than in villages. Life in cities is much
more advanced, sophisticated and comfortable, compared to life in villages.
Cities have advanced communication and transport networks.
Concentration
of resources - Since major human settlements were established near natural
resources from ancient times, a lot of resources are available in and around
cities. A lot of facilities to exploit these resources also exist only in
cities.
Educational
facilities - Schools, colleges and universities are established in cities to
develop human resources. A variety of educational courses and fields are
available offering students a wide choice for their future careers.
Social
integration - People of many castes and religions live and work together in
cities, which creates better understanding and harmony and helps breakdown
social and cultural barriers.
Improvements
in economy - High-tech industries earn valuable foreign exchange and lot of
money for a country in the stock markets.
New
Opportunities And Challenges
1.
Urbanization creates opportunities and challenges,
not least regarding sustainability.
2.
Concentrations of people make it easier to offer
basic infrastructure and public services such as education and health services.
3.
Urbanization and growth go together, and no country
has ever reached middle-income status without a significant population shift
from rural to urban areas.
4.
Urban environments, with close human interaction,
also tend to spur innovation and economic development.
5.
Urbanization affects economic relations and social
structure throughout the world. It contributes to the globalization trend, with
increased cross-border trade and cross-cultural ties bringing the world closer
together.
Increased
urbanization will also drive the development of megacities with 10
million inhabitants or more. It is estimated that by 2025
there will be 27 mega-cities, 20 of
these in the developing world.
