सोमवार, 12 नवंबर 2012

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization


The Organization's history

As early as 1942, in wartime, the governments of the European countries, which were confronting Nazi Germany and its allies, met in the United Kingdom for the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME). The Second World War was far from over, yet those countries were looking for ways and means to reconstruct their systems of education once peace was restored. Very quickly, the project gained momentum and soon took on a universal note. New governments, including that of the United States, decided to join in.
Upon the proposal of CAME, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London from 1 to 16 November 1945. Scarcely had the war ended when the conference opened. It gathered together the representatives of forty-four countries who decided to create an organization that would embody a genuine culture of peace. In their eyes, the new organization must establish the “intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind” and, in so doing, prevent the outbreak of another world war.
At the end of the conference, thirty-seven countries founded the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The Constitution of UNESCO, signed on 16 November 1945, came into force on 4 November 1946 after ratification by twenty countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, India, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States. The first session of the General Conference of UNESCO was held in Paris from 19 November to 10 December 1946 with the participation of representatives from 30 governments entitled to vote.
The political divisions of the Second World War marked the composition of the founding Member States of UNESCO. It was not until 1951 that Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany became Members, and Spain was accepted in 1953. Other major historical factors, such as the Cold War, the decolonization process and the dissolution of the USSR, also left their trace on UNESCO. The USSR joined UNESCO in 1954 and was replaced by the Russian Federation in 1992 alongside 12 former Soviet republics. Nineteen African states became Members in the 1960s.
As a consequence of its entry into the United Nations, the People's Republic of China has been the only legitimate representative of China at UNESCO since 1971. The German Democratic Republic was a Member from 1972 to 1990, when it joined the Federal Republic of Germany.
Some countries withdrew from the Organization for political reasons at various points in time, but they have today all rejoined UNESCO. South Africa was absent from 1957 to 1994, the United States of America between 1985 to 2003, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1986 to 1997 and Singapore from 1986 to 2007. 

Origins of UNESCO

The main predecessors of UNESCO were:

The International Committee of Intellectual Co-operation (CICI), Geneva 1922-1946, and its executing agency, the International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation (IICI), Paris, 1925-1946;
The International Bureau of Education (IBE), Geneva, 1925-1968; since 1969 IBE has been part of the UNESCO Secretariat under its own statutes.
UNESCO works to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, based upon respect for commonly shared values. It is through this dialogue that the world can achieve global visions of sustainable development encompassing observance of human rights, mutual respect and the alleviation of poverty, all of which are at the heart of UNESCO’S mission and activities.
The broad goals and concrete objectives of the international community – as set out in the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – underpin all UNESCO’s strategies and activities. Thus UNESCO’s unique competencies in education, the sciences, culture and communication and information contribute towards the realization of those goals.
UNESCO’s mission is to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information. The Organization focuses, in particular, on two global priorities:

Africa

Gender equality

And on a number of overarching objectives:

Attaining quality education for all and lifelong learning
Mobilizing science knowledge and policy for sustainable development
Addressing emerging social and ethical challenges
Fostering cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace
Building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication

The General Conference

The General Conference consists of the representatives of the States Members of the Organization. It meets every two years, and is attended by Member States and Associate Members, together with observers for non-Member States, intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Each country has one vote, irrespective of its size or the extent of its contribution to the budget.
The General Conference determines the policies and the main lines of work of the Organization. Its duty is to set the programmes and the budget of UNESCO. It also elects the Members of the Executive Board and appoints, every four years, the Director-General. The working languages of the General Conference are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.

The Executive Board

The Executive Board, in a sense, assures the overall management of UNESCO. It prepares the work of the General Conference and sees that its decisions are properly carried out. The functions and responsibilities of the Executive Board are derived primarily from the Constitution and from rules or directives laid down by the General Conference.
Every two years the General Conference assigns specific tasks to the Board. Other functions stem from agreements concluded between UNESCO and the United Nations, the specialized agencies and other intergovernmental organizations.
Its fifty-eight members are elected by the General Conference. The choice of these representatives is largely a matter of the diversity of the cultures and their geographical origin. Skillful negotiations may be needed before a balance is reached among the different regions of the world in a way that will reflect the universality of the Organization. The Executive Board meets twice in a year.

The Organization has now 195 Members and 8 Associate Members. Director General of UNESCO is IRINA BOKOVA. Headquarters of the UNESCO is Paris (France).

रविवार, 11 नवंबर 2012

The U.N. and its Main Organs


The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.
The UN has 4 main purposes
·         To keep peace throughout the world;
·         To develop friendly relations among nations;
·         To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms;
·         To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals.

There are 193 member states, including every internationally recognized sovereign state in the world but Vatican City. From its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization has six principal organs: the General Assembly; the Security Council; the Economic and Social Council ; the Secretariat; the International Court of Justice; and the United Nations Trusteeship Council . Other prominent UN System agencies include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most prominent position is Secretary-General which has been held by Ban Ki-moon of South Korea since 2007. The United Nations Headquarters resides in international territory in New York City, with further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.

The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peace building, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and its System (specialized agencies, funds and programmes) affect our lives and make the world a better place. The Organization works on a broad range of fundamental issues, from sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, to promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women, governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this and future generations.

General Assembly:  The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the United Nations. Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions under a president elected from among the member states. Over a two-week period at the start of each session, all members have the opportunity to address the assembly. Traditionally, the Secretary-General makes the first statement, followed by the president of the assembly. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall Westminster in London and included representatives of 51 nations.
When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. Examples of important questions include: recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and, budgetary matters. All other questions are decided by majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under Security Council consideration.

Security Council: The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action. Its powers are exercised through United Nations Security Council resolutions. The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at Church House, Westminster, London. Since its first meeting, the Council, which exists in continuous session, has travelled widely, holding meetings in many cities, such as Paris and Addis Ababa, as well as at its current permanent home at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. There are 15 members of the Security Council, consisting of five veto-wielding permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—based on the great powers that were the victors of World War II, and 10 elected non-permanent members with two-year terms. This basic structure is set out in Chapter V of the UN Charter. Security Council members must always be present at UN headquarters in New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time. This requirement of the United Nations Charter was adopted to address a weakness of the League of Nations since that organization was often unable to respond quickly to a crisis.

UN Secretariat: The United Nations Secretariat is one of the principal organs of the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization charged with the promotion of aiding states to collectively maintain international peace and security; it serves as a forum for member-states to discuss and resolve pressing issues in the international field through primarily diplomatic resources. The Secretariat is composed of a Secretary General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. The Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. It services the other principal organs of the United Nations and administers the programs and policies laid down by them. The Secretariat carries out myriad duties ranging from the administration of peacekeeping operations to making surveys/studies about different countries' economic and social trends.

UN Economic and Social Council: The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)  constitutes one of the principal organs of the United Nations. It is responsible for coordinating the economic, social and related work of 14 UN specialized agencies, their functional commissions and five regional commissions. ECOSOC has 54 members; it holds a four-week session each year in July. Since 1998, it has also held a meeting each April with finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The ECOSOC serves as the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues, and for formulating policy recommendations addressed to member states and the United Nations system.

International Court of Justice: The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, the Netherlands. Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international organs, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.

UN Trusteeship Council: The United Nations Trusteeship Council, one of the principal organs of the United Nations, was established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security. The trust territories—most of them former mandates of the League of Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World War II—have all now attained self-government or independence, either as separate nations or by joining neighbouring independent countries. The last was Palau, formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which became a member state of the United Nations in December 1994.

डोप टेस्ट


डोप यानी वह शक्तिवद्र्धक पदार्थ जिसके जरिए खिलाड़ी अपनी मूल शारीरिक क्षमता में इजाफा कर मैदान पर प्रतिद्वंद्वियों को पीछे छोड़ने का शॉर्टकट अपनाते हैं। जाहिर है, यह तरीका खेल के मूल सिद्धांत के विपरीत है। लिहाजा, इसे दुनिया के खेल नियामकों ने अवैध ठहराया है। इसके दोषियों को दो साल से लेकर आजीवन प्रतिबंध तक की सजा का प्रावधान किया गया है।
आधुनिक तौर-तरीकों और प्रक्रियाओं से डोपिंग करने वाले खिलाड़ियों का पकड़ा जाना आसान हो गया है, जिससे दोषियों का आंकड़ा बढ़ता जा रहा है, लेकिन खेलों में डोपिंग कोई नई बात नहीं है। पीछे देखें तो 1904 के ओलंपिक खेलों में इसका पहला मामला सामने आया था, जब पता चला कि मैराथन धावक थॉमस हिक ने रेस जीतने के लिए कच्चे अंडे, सिंथेटिक इंजेक्शन और ब्रांडी का शक्तिवद्र्धन के लिए इस्तेमाल किया। तब हालांकि इसे लेकर कोई नियम नहीं था, लेकिन 1920 में खेलों में इस तरह की युक्ति पर प्रतिबंध लगाने की दिशा में कड़े कदम उठाए गए। खेल संस्थाओं की बात करें तो अंतरराष्ट्रीय एथलेटिक्स महासंघ (आइएएएफ) पहली अंतरराष्ट्रीय खेल संस्था थी, जिसने 1928 में डोपिंग पर नियम बनाए और इस पर प्रतिबंध लगाया। 1966 में अंतरराष्ट्रीय ओलंपिक समिति (आइओसी) ने एक मेडिकल काउंसिल की स्थापना की। इसका काम डोप टेस्ट करना था। 1968 के ओलंपिक खेलों में पहली बार डोप टेस्ट अमल में आए। आगे समस्या यह आई कि जैसे-जैसे डोप एलीमेंट्स को चिन्हित किया जाने लगा, खिलाड़ियों ने नए-नए डोप एलीमेंट्स अपनाने शुरू कर दिए। लिहाजा, टेस्ट के तरीकों को भी अपडेट करना पड़ा और 1974 तक डोप टेस्ट का बेहद सटीक और प्रामाणिक तरीका अस्तित्व में आ गया। तब तक प्रतिबंधित तत्वों की सूची भी काफी लंबी हो चुकी थी और ऐसे तमाम तत्व इस सूची में दर्ज किए जा चुके थे, जो डोपिंग के अंतर्गत आते हैं। डोप टेस्ट लेबोरेटरीज भी आधुनिक होती चली गईं और टेस्ट के तरीके भी। 1988 के सियोल ओलंपिक में 100 मीटर दौड़ के चैंपियन बेन जॉनसन को जब प्रतिबंधित तत्व (स्टेनोजोलोल एनाबॉलिक स्टेरॉयड) के सेवन का दोषी पाया गया, तब दुनिया का ध्यान पहली बार सख्त हो चुकी एंटी-डोपिंग मुहिम की ओर गया।
वाडा और नाडा की स्थापना
1998 में प्रतिष्ठित साइकिल रेस टूर्नामेंट ‘टूर डि फ्रांस’ के दौरान जब खिलाड़ियों और दवा विक्रेताओं के पास बड़ी मात्रा में अत्याधुनिक डोप एलीमेंट्स पाए गए तो लगा कि अब तक किए गए सारे प्रयत्न बौने साबित हुए हैं, लिहाजा यह महसूस किया गया कि डोपिंग की व्यापक रोकथाम के लिए एक अलग और विशेष अंतरराष्ट्रीय नियामक बनाया जाए। अंतरराष्ट्रीय ओलंपिक समिति ने नवंबर, 1999 में विश्व एंटी डोपिंग संस्था (वाडा, वर्ल्ड एंटी डोपिंग एजेंसी) की स्थापना इसी उद्देश्य से की। इसके बाद प्रत्येक देश में राष्ट्रीय डोपिंग रोधी संस्था (नाडा) की भी स्थापना की जाने लगी।
विश्व डोपिंग विरोधी संस्था (वाडा)
 अंतरराष्ट्रीय खेलों में ड्रग्स के बढ़ते चलन को रोकने के लिए बनाई गयी यह एक विश्वस्तरीय स्वतंत्र संस्था है। अंतरराष्ट्रीय ओलंपिक समिति द्वारा वाडा की स्थापना 10 नवंबर,1999 को स्विट्जरलैंड के लुसेन शहर में की गई थी। वर्तमान में वाडा का मुख्यालय कनाडा के मॉन्ट्रियल शहर में है। वाडा के वर्तमान अध्यक्ष ऑस्ट्रेलिया के पूर्व वित्तमंत्री जॉन फाहे हैं। यह संस्था विश्व भर में वैज्ञानिक शोध, एंटीडोपिंग के विकास की क्षमता में वृद्धि और दुनिया भर में वर्ल्ड एंटी डोपिंग कोड पर अपनी निगाह रखती है।वाडा हर साल प्रतिबंधित दवाओं की सूची जारी करता है, जिनके विश्व के तमाम देशों में खेलों के दौरान प्रयोग पर रोक होती है। पहली जांच में ही दोषी पाये जाने पर खिलाड़ी पर वाडा सभी खेल प्रतियोगिता में दो वर्षो तक भाग लेने पर प्रतिबंध लगा सकता है। हाल के वर्षो में वाडा खेलों में ड्रग्स के बढ़ते इस्तेमाल को लेकर काफी सक्रिय है।
वर्ल्ड एंटी डोपिंग कोड का अनुपालन पहली बार 2004 के एथेंस ओलंपिक में किया गया था। विश्व के लगभग 600 खेल संस्थाओं ने ड्रग्स से जुड़ी संहिता को स्वीकार किया है। अभी दुनिया में वाडा से मान्यता प्राप्त 35 प्रयोगशालाएं हैं, जहां ड्रग्स लेने वाले के नमूनों की जांच और इसे रोकने के लिए अनुसंधान होते हैं। दिल्ली में भी वाडा से मान्यता प्राप्त एक प्रयोगशाला है। यह विश्व की 34  वी प्रयोगशाला है। वाडा के 1जनवरी,2009 से लागू नए नियम ने कई बार विवाद को भी जन्म दिया है। इसके सख्त नियमों पर विश्व के कई बड़े खिलाड़ियों ने सवाल भी उठाए हैं। हाल में वाडा का नया नियम, जिसमें कहा गया है कि मैच के आलावा अन्य समय में डोप टेस्ट के लिए खिलाड़ियों को ये बताना पड़ेगा कि वे कहां हैं, काफी विवाद में है।
क्या करती हैं वाडा-नाडा
वाडा-नाडा का ध्येय खेलों को डोपिंग मुक्त बनाना है। इस क्रम में ये एंटी डोपिंग संस्था वह तमाम उपाय अपनाती है, जो जरूरी है। समय के साथ डोप एलीमेंट्स को चिन्हित करना, उन्हें प्रतिबंधित करना, प्रतिबंधित तत्वों की सूची अपडेट करना, उसे खिलाड़ियों को मुहैया कराना, खिलाड़ियों को जागरूक बनाना, डोप टेस्ट प्रयोगशालाएं स्थापित करना, उनका संचालन करना इत्यादि इनके प्रारंभिक दायित्व हैं। इन्हें दंड देने की शक्ति भी हासिल है। इसके लिए आइओसी के तमाम सदस्य देशों के बीच बाकायदा सशर्त समझौता हस्ताक्षरित हुआ है। नाडा को अधिकार है कि वह खिलाड़ियों के डोप टेस्ट करे। दोषी पाए गए खिलाड़ी पर दो साल से लेकर आजीवन प्रतिबंध लगाने का उसे अधिकार है। इसके लिए एंटी डोपिंग अनुशासन पैनल और एंटी डोपिंग अपील पैनल की व्यवस्था बनाई गई है ताकि किसी खिलाड़ी के साथ किसी भी तरह का पक्षपात या अन्याय न हो सके। खिलाड़ी नाडा से मिली सजा के खिलाफ वाडा के अपील पैनल में न्याय मांग सकता है। यही नहीं लुसाने में एक विशेष खेल न्यायालय स्पोट्र्स आर्बीट्रेशन कोर्ट (एसएसी) भी बनाया गया है, जो सर्वोच्च अपील न्यायालय है।
ऐसे होता है डोप टेस्ट
किसी भी खिलाड़ी का कभी भी डोप टेस्ट किया जा सकता है। इसके लिए संबंधित खेल संघों को भी जिम्मेदारी सौंपी गई है। किसी प्रतियोगिता से पहले या प्रशिक्षण शिविर के दौरान डोप टेस्ट अक्सर किए जाते हैं। ये टेस्ट नाडा या फिर वाडा, दोनों की ओर से कराए जा सकते हैं। इसके लिए टेस्ट सैंपल लेने वाली टीम फील्ड वर्क करती है। वह खिलाड़ियों के मूत्र के नमूने वाडा-नाडा की विशेष प्रयोगशाला में पहुंचा देती है। नाडा की प्रयोगशाला दिल्ली में स्थित है। यह भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में स्थित एकमात्र डोप टेस्ट प्रयोगशाला है। नमूना एक बार ही लिया जाता है जबकि टेस्ट दो चरण में होते हैं। पहले चरण को ‘ए’ और दूसरे को ‘बी’ कहते हैं। ‘ए’ टेस्ट में पॉजीटिव पाए जाने पर खिलाड़ी को निलंबित (खेल गतिविधियों में भाग लेने पर प्रतिबंध) कर दिया जाता है। तब यदि खिलाड़ी चाहे तो ‘बी’ टेस्ट के लिए एंटी डोपिंग अपील पैनल में अपील कर सकता है। उसकी अपील के बाद उसके उसी नमूने की दोबारा जांच होती है। यदि ‘बी टेस्ट भी पॉजीटिव आ जाए तो अनुशासन पैनल खिलाड़ी पर प्रतिबंध लगा देता है।
सामन्य दवाए जो वाडा द्वारा प्रतिबंधित हैं 
  • कफ शीरप 
  • ग्लुकोकोर्तिकोइद्स 
  • मिथाइलहेक्सामिन 
  • इंसुलिन 
  • हाइड्रो क्लोरो थियाजाइड 
  • तमोक्सिफिन 
  • ग्लाइको प्रोटीन 
  • डीयूरेटिक  



गुरुवार, 8 नवंबर 2012

Development Programme & Scheme Of India



Rural Development programs
India is a country of villages and about 50% of the villages have very poor socio-economic conditions. Since the dawn of independence, concerted efforts have been made to ameliorate the living standard of rural masses. So, rural development is an integrated concept of growth and poverty elimination has been of paramount concern in all the consequent five year plans. Rural Development (RD) programmes comprise of following:
i. Provision of basic infrastructure facilities in the rural areas e.g. schools, health facilities, roads, drinking water, electrification etc.
ii. Improving agricultural productivity in the rural areas.
iii. Provision of social services like health and education for socio-economic development.
iv. Implementing schemes for the promotion of rural industry increasing agriculture productivity,       providing rural employment etc.
v. Assistance to individual families and Self Help Groups (SHG) living below poverty line by providing productive resources through credit and subsidy.
RDP can be divided in to four categories:
1. Tribal Development
2. Rural Infrastructure Development
3.  Rural Employment Schemes and,
4. Other Programmes
 Rural Employment Schemes
a. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA -Implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development , National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)  is the flagship programme of the Government of India  that directly touches lives of the poor and promotes inclusive growth. The Act aims at enhancing livelihood security of households in rural areas of the country by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The Act came into force on February 2, 2006.
b. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna - The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) was launched on 25 September, 2001 by merging the on-going schemes of Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and the Jawahar Gram Rozgar Yojana (JGSY) with the objective of providing additional wage employment and food security, alongside creation of durable community assets in rural areas. The programme is self-targeting in nature with provisions for special emphasis on women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and parents of children withdrawn from hazardous occupations. While preference is given to BPL families for providing wage employment under SGRY, poor families above the poverty line can also be offered employment whenever NREGA has been launched.  The annual outlay for the programme is Rs.10,000 crore which includes 50 lakh tonnes on food grains. The cash component is shared between the Centre and the States in the ratio of 75:25. Food grains are provided free of cost to the States/UTs. Minimum wages are paid to the workers through a mix of minimum five kg of food grains and at least 25 per cent of wages in cash. The programme is implemented by all the three tiers of Panchayat Raj Institutions. Each level of Panchayat is an independent unit for formulation of Action Plan and executing the scheme. Resources are distributed among District Panchayat, Intermediate Panchayats and the Gram Panchayats in the ratio of 20:30:50.
c. National Food For Work Programme - The National Food for Work Programme  was launched in November, 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country, identified by the Planning Commission in consultation with the Ministry of Rural Development and the State governments. The scheme was 100 per cent centrally sponsored. The programme has since been subsumed in National Rural Employment Guarantee Act  which has come in force in 200 identified districts of the country including 150 NFFWP districts.
d. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) - The  SGSY was launched as an integrated programme for self-employment of the rural poor with effect from 1 April 1999. The objective of the scheme is to bring the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into Self Help Groups (SHGs) through the process of social mobilisation, their training and capacity building and provision of income generating assets through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. The scheme emphasizes establishment of activity clusters through selection of key activities based on aptitude and skill of the people, availability of resources and market potentiality. The scheme adopts a process approach and attempts to build the capacities of the rural poor. It provides for involvement of NGOs/CBOs/Individuals/Banks and Self Help Promoting Institutions in nurturing and development of SHGs, including skill development. The scheme provides for the cost of social intermediation and skill development training based on the local requirement. Flexibility has been given to the DRDAs/States in the utilisation of funds for training, sanction of Revolving Fund, subsidy for economic activity based on the stage of development of groups. 
e. National Social Assistance Program (NSAP) -  Article 41 of the Constitution of India directs the State to provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement and in other cases of undeserved want within the limits of its economic capacity and development. In accordance with the Directive Principles of State Policy, the Government of India introduced National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) in 1995. The NSAP aims at ensuring minimum national standard for social assistance in addition to the benefits that states are currently providing or would provide in future. At present,
           
 NSAP comprises of the following five schemes for BPL persons:-
             i) Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS);
             ii) Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS);
             iii) Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS);
             iv) National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS); and
             v) Annapurna

  Rural Infrastructure Development (RID)
a) Prime Minister’s Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) -The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY) was launched on 25 December 2000 as a fully funded Centrally Sponsored Scheme. The primary objective of the PMGSY is to provide connectivity to all the eligible unconnected habitations of more than 500 persons in the rural areas (250 persons in the hilly and desert areas) by good quality all-weather roads.
b) National Institute of Rural Development – NIRD is autonomous bodies of Ministry of Rural Development .Mission of NIRD is To examine and analyse the factors contributing to the improvement of economic and social well-being of people in rural areas on a sustainable basis with focus on the rural poor and the other disadvantaged groups through research, action research and consultancy efforts. To facilitate the rural development efforts with particular emphasis and focus on the rural poor by improving the knowledge,skills and attitudes of rural development officials and non-officials through organising training, workshops and seminars.
c) Bharat Nirman -  is a time-bound business plan for action in rural infrastructure. Under Bharat Nirman, action is proposed in the areas of irrigation, rural housing, rural water supply, rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity.
i. Indira Awaas Yojana -The Government of India is implementing Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) since the year 1985-86 to provide financial assistance for construction / upgradation of dwelling units to the below poverty line (BPL) rural households belonging to the scheduled castes, scheduled Tribes and freed bonded labourers categories. From the year 1993-94, the scope of the scheme was extended to cover non-Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes rural BPL poor, subject to the condition that the benefits to non-SC/ST would not be more than 40% of the total IAY allocation. The benefits of the Scheme have also been extended to the families of ex-servicemen of the armed and paramilitary forces killed in action, 3% of the Houses are reserved for the rural Below Poverty Line physically and mentally challenged persons, from 2006-07 onward, funds and physical targets under IAY are also being earmarked for BPL minorities in each state. Under the scheme, financial resources are shared between the centre and the states on a 75:25 basis.
ii. Irrigation -There is a definite gap between irrigation potential created and the potential utilized. Under Bharat Nirman it is planned to restore and utilize irrigation potential of 10 lakh hectare through implementation of extension, renovation and modernization of schemes alongwith command area development and water management practices.
iii. Rural Road - To upgrade rural infrastructure, the Government has formulated a proposal for providing the road connections to more than 38,484 villages above 1000 population and all 20,867 habitations above 500 populations in hilly and tribal areas.
iv. Rural Water Supply -Rural drinking water is one of the six components of Bharat Nirman. During Bharat Nirman period, 55,067 un-covered and about 3.31 lakh slipped-back habitations are to be covered with provisions of drinking water facilities and 2.17 lakh quality-affected habitations are to be addressed for water quality problem.
v. Rural Electrification -  Ministry of Power has introduced the scheme Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidhyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) in April 2005, which aims at providing electricity in all villages and habitations in four years and provides access to electricity to all rural households. This programme has been brought under the ambit of Bharat Nirman.
vi. Telephone Connection - Telecom connectivity constitutes an important part of the effort to upgrade the rural infrastructure. Under the Bharat Nirman Programme, it will be ensured that 66,822 revenue villages in the country, which have not yet been provided with a Village Public Telephone (VPT), shall be covered.
3. Tribal Development
a) State Wise Programme - The Government continues its efforts for the welfare and development of Scheduled Tribes, who constitute eight per cent of the total population of the country. Of these, 1.8 million belong to the Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs). The objective of the empowering scheduled tribes through a three-pronged strategy of Social Empowerment, Economic Empowerment and Social Justice. List of State Wise Programme-
i.              Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribe Welfare Department, MP
ii.             Tribal Development Programme, Chhattisgarh 
iii.            Institute of Tribal Studies & Research, HP 
iv.           Tribal Development Programme, Maharashtra
v.            National Advisory Council, Tribal Welfare 
vi.           Tribal Development, Tripura
vii.          Integrated Tribal Development Agency, Paralakhemundi 
viii.         Social Welfare & Tribal Development, Gujarat
b) Tribal Development Projects, Plans & Policies –

 Post Matric Scholarship (PMS) for ST students - The objective of the scheme is to provide financial assistance to the Scheduled Tribe students studying at post matriculation or post-secondary stage to enable them to complete their education. These scholarships are available for studies in India only and are awarded bythe Government of the State/Union Territory Administration to which the applicant actually belongs i.e. where permanently settled.

 Up gradation of Merit of ST Students- The ST students, because of their educational deficiencies, are unable to take advantage of the various avenues, which have become available through reservation of seats. Consequently, the quota reserved for them in technical and professional courses like Engineering and Medical, remains under-utilized. Some students who are able to get admission in these courses, with relaxed eligibility conditions, often find it difficult either to complete the course or they take more than the specified time for completion of the instructional programme. Their inadequate educational preparation also prevents their employment in occupations where entry is on the basis of competitive examinations.  The Scheme provides for 100% central assistance to the States and Union -              Territories for implementation of the Scheme.

Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Hostels for ST boys and ST Girls - While the Scheme of Hostels for ST Girls is in operation since the 3rd Five Year Plan, the Scheme for of ST Boys was started with effect from the year 1989-90.During the 10th Five Year Plan both the schemes have been merged into a single scheme.

               
Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for ST Students - The objective of the scheme is to provide fellowships in the form of financial assistance to students belonging to Scheduled Tribes to pursue higher studies such as M. Phil and Ph.D.  The scheme covers all Universities/Institutions recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) under section 2(f) of the UGC Act and is  implemented by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs for Scheduled Tribe students.  The fellowship under RGNF will be on the pattern of UGC Fellowships awarded to research students pursuing regular and full time M. Phil and Ph.D. courses
 Top Class Education for ST Students - The scheme aims at recognizing the need to support meritorious ST students who gain admission in identified quality educational institutions, by providing full financial support to the selected meritorious students which would enable them to complete their courses of higher studies in these selected academic institutions of the country.
Establishment of Ashram Schools in Tribal Sub-Plan Areas - Construction of Ashram schools for the primary, middle, secondary and senior secondary stages of education as well as up gradation of existing Ashram Schools for Scheduled Tribe boys and girls including PTGs. 100% funding for establishment of Ashram Schools i.e. school buildings, hostels, kitchen and staff quarters for girls in TSP areas.  In addition, 100% funding for establishment of Ashram Schools for boys in only the TSP areas, (if any), of the naxal affected districts identified by Ministry of Home Affairs from time to time ( list of naxal affected districts as specified by MHA  annexed).  All other Ashram schools for boys in TSP States will, however, continue to be funded on 50:50 bases.  100% funding will be provided to UTs.
Vocational Training Centres in Tribal Areas - Scheduled Tribes are the most marginalized section of the society, therefore to assist their socio-economic development; there is an imperative need to provide more employment avenues and income generation opportunities. It is aimed at upgrading the skills of the tribal youths in various traditional/modern vocations depending upon their educational qualification, present economic trends and the market potential, which would enable them to gain suitable employment or enable them to become self-employed.
Scheme of Coaching for Scheduled Tribes - The scheduled tribes coming from deprived families and disadvantaged environment find it difficult to compete with those coming from a socially and economically advantageous background. To promote a more level playing field, and give ST candidates a better chance to succeed in competitive examinations, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs supports a scheme for coaching for disadvantaged ST candidates in quality coaching institutions to enable them to appear in competitive examinations and succeed in obtaining an appropriate job in the public/private sector. 
 National Overseas Scholarships for Scheduled Tribe Students (Scholarship for Studies Abroad) - The scheme provides financial assistance to students selected for pursuing higher studies abroad in certain subjects at the Masters level, and for Ph. D and Post- Doctoral research programmes. Bachelor level courses in any discipline are not covered under the scheme. 15 awards per year would be sanctioned to ST students as under category of ST, 13 numbers of awards and under the category of PTG, two awards only.
Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub Plan - The Special Central Assistance (SCA) is provided by the Ministry of tribal Affairs to the State Government as an additive to the State TSP. SCA is primarily meant for family-oriented income-generation schemes in sectors of agriculture, horticulture sericulture and animal husbandry cooperation. A part of SCA (not more than 30%) is also permitted to be used for development of infrastructure incidental to such income generating schemes. The objective of the strategy is two folds:
Socio-economic development of STs
Protection of trials against exploitation.
Grants under Article 275 (1) of the Constitution of India - Such sums as Parliament may by law provide shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India in each year as grants-in-aid of the revenues of such States as Parliament may determine to be in need of assistance, and different sums may be fixed for different states.
 Revised Scheme of Grant in Aid to Voluntary Organizations working for welfare of Scheduled   Tribes (with effect from 1st April 2008)  - The prime objective of the scheme is to enhance the reach of welfare schemes of Government and fill the gaps in service deficient tribal areas, in the sectors such as education, health, drinking water, agro-horticultural productivity, social security etc. through the efforts of voluntary organizations, and to provide an environment for socioeconomic upliftment and overall development of the Scheduled Tribes (STs). Any other innovative activity having direct impact on the socio-economic development or livelihood generation of STs may also be considered through voluntary efforts.
  • Scheme of Development of Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) - There are certain tribal communities who are having low level of literacy, declining or stagnant population, and pre-agricultural level of technology and economically backward. 75 such groups in 15 States/UTs have been identified and have been categorized as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs). Their problems and needs are quite different from other Scheduled Tribes. Under this scheme States/UTs have been requested to allocate requisite funds from Central Sector/Centrally Sponsored and State Plan schemes for their socio-economic development.
  • Schemes of Strengthening education among Scheduled Tribes Girls in a low literacy Districts - The scheme aims to bridge the gap in literacy levels between the general female population and tribal women, through facilitating 100% enrolment of tribal girls in the identified Districts or Blocks, more particularly in naxal affected areas and in areas inhabited by Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), and reducing drop-outs at the elementary level by creating the required ambience for education. Improvement of the literacy rate of tribal girls is essential to enable them to participate effectively in and benefit from, socio-economic development.
  • Scheme of Investment in TRIFED - TRIFED was set up with the prime objective of providing marketing assistance and remunerative prices to Scheduled Tribes communities for their Minor Forest Produce (MFP) and Surplus Agricultural Produce (SAP) and to wean them away from exploitative private traders and middlemen. TRIFED was established by the Government of India in the year 1987 as a Multi-State Cooperative Society by registration under the Multi State Cooperative Societies Act, 1984 (now the Multi State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002).  It is a national level cooperative apex body.
  • Scheme of Grants-in-Aid to STDCCs for MFP Operations - The majority of tribals live in and around forests.  Apart from timber, the major forest produce, forests abound with non-timber forest produce like tamarind, lac, gum karaya, amla, mahua flowers/seeds, honey, sal/siali leaves, tendu patta, soap-nut, shikakai, myrobalan, hill grass, nuxvomica, etc., called the Minor Forest Produce (MFP). Tribals depend heavily on the MFP for their livelihood.  Initially tribals used to collect MFP for their own consumption.  In case of some excess stock, they used to sell these in the near by weekly shanties for barter or for cash. The Central Sector Scheme of ‘Grants-in-Aid to State Tribal Development Cooperative Corporations (STDCCs) etc. for Minor Forest Produce (MFP)  Operations’ was thus launched in Nov. 1992 to help these STDCCs to ensure that tribals got remunerative prices for their MFP.  It was estimated that this operation could generate gainful employment for about 10 million persons per year.
Tribal Development Cooperative Corporations (TDCCs) - Most of the States have set up Tribal Development Cooperative Corporations (TDCCs) or Minor Forest Produce (Trading and Development) Federations (MFPTDFs) or Forest  Development Corporations (FDCs) for  dealing with MFP items.
Other Programmes -
a) Council For Advancement Of People’s Action And Rural Technology (CAPART ) - CAPART supports project proposals from voluntary organisations working in rural areas. CAPART was formed by amalgamating two agencies the 'Council for Advancementof Rural Technology' (CART) and People's Action for Development India (PADI). CAPART is an autonomous body registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860,and is functioning under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. Today, this agency is a major promoter of rural development in India, assisting over 12,000 voluntary organizations across the country in implementing a wide range of development initiatives.
b) Diksha – The Ministry of Rural Development has created a portal Diksha in website –rural.nic.in. State Institute of Rural Development (SIRDs)  have already registered ,some Extension Training Centres  (ETCs)  have also registered in website. All ETCs have to register in website.
  Programs for Equality and Women Empowerment
The Session explored the challenges and opportunities for empowerment and social sustainability in the context of the Rural Women's Development and Empowerment Project (Swa-Shakti) in India. The Swa-Shakti project, which is expected to close in mid-2004, covers 9 states, 56 districts (about 10% of all districts in India), has helped form more than 17,000 Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and has reached more than 240,000 beneficiaries. The Swa-Shakti project worked to establish linkages and partnerships between SHGs and existing government institutions, including Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRI), as well as with NGOs and the private sector.
Swayamsiddha
Swayamsidha is an integrated project for the development and empowerment of women. It was introduced during 2001 to 2002 replacing the erstwhile Indira Mahila Yojana. The long term objective of the scheme is to achieve an all round empowerment of women, especially socially and economically by ensuring their direct access to, and control over, resources through a sustained process of mobilization and convergence of all ongoing sectoral programmes. The most important component of the programme is the formulation, implementation and monitoring of block specific composite projects for 4 to 5 years incorporating the following four elements

a) Group formation or mobilization activities,
b) Community oriented innovative interventions,
c) Other schemes of W and CD Deptt.,namely Swawlamban, STEP, AGP, etc. if there is a felt need,
d) Convergence of schemes of other departments, whether under GOI or State Government initiative.
Sponsored by state government. Introduced on 1st Jan 2001 and valid up to 31st March 2015.
Support to Training & Employment Programs (STEP)
As per the 1991 Census, there are 407.1 million women representing 47.1 percent of Country’s total population. Of those 91.40 million are in work force and 90 percent of them are in the informal sector with no legislative protection and with worst condition of working. The National Commission for Self Employed Women and Women in the Informal Sector (1988) which made a situational review of women in the informal Sector had suggested introduction of protective measures which would ensure guarantee of employment and income generation minimum wages, welfare and support services, training and up gradation of skills, etc. Towards this end, a programme for women (STEP) was launched in 1986 as one of the measures to ensure wellbeing of women in the traditional informal sector.
 OBJECTIVES OF THE SCHEME
i. Mobilizing women in small viable groups and making facilities available through training, access to credit and other inputs.
ii. Provide training for skill up gradation
iii. Enabling groups of women to take up employment-cum-income generation programmes of their own, or to access wage employment.
iv. Provide support services for further improving and employment conditions of women and for access to health care, literacy, legal literacy, and other information.
 SERVICES
 The Scheme aims at providing as integrated package of the following services to women to  enable them economically more viable, independent and raise their socio-economic status.
•             Up gradation of skills through training.
•             Better and sustainable employment opportunities
•             Backward and forward linkages
•             Facilitation of organization of women
•             Support services with the coverage of Health Check-ups, Referral Service, Mobile creches
                    Education facilities
SECTORS COVERED
•             Agriculture,
•             Animal Husbandry,
•             Dairying,
•             Fisheries,
•             Handlooms,
•             Handicrafts,
•             Khadi and village Industries
•             Sericulture.
•             Social Forestry
•             Waste Land Development and
•             Any other locally appropriate sector*
*The list of such sectors to be finalized and revised from time to time by the Ministry in consultations with State Govt.

Swawlamban (NORAD)
Swawlamban ( NORAD) Scheme is being implemented by the Department of Women and Child Development, Government of India with partial assistance from Norway since 1982.  Its basic objective is to provide training and skill to women to facilitate them obtains employment or self-employment on a sustained basis.  The target group under the scheme is the poor and needy women, women from weaker sections of the society, such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, etc.  Financial assistance is provided to undertake training programmes for women in both traditional as well as non-traditional trades.
National Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW)
The National Mission for Empowerment of Women aims to empower women socially, economically and educationally and to strengthen the process that promote all round development of women through Co-ordination and Convergence of Schemes/ Programmes of participating Ministries/ Department.  The Mission plan to engage suitable non-profit agencies which could undertake the execution of demonstration projects covering multiple components of Women Empowerment such as Social, Economic, Legal Empowerment and be responsible for setting up and running common service cum facilitation centres at the district, tahsil and village levels. The NMEW was launched on 8 March 2010 to ensure economic and social empowerment of women. The NMEW is piloting the ‘convergence model’ across the country in 32 select districts.  Under this scheme government has started the first point of contact for woman which is known as the Poorna Shakti Kendra (PSK). These are the main focus of NMEW: Access to health, drinking water, sanitation and hygiene facilities for women.
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)(The National Credit Fund for Women) was setup on 30.03.1993 under the aegis of Department of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Human and Resource Development, New Delhi. It was registered under Society Registeration Act 21, 1860. The area of operation of the Kosh covers whole of India. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh provides micro-credit to women Self Help Groups (SHG’s) through eligible organizations in both rural and urban areas. Its builds the capacities of SHG's and partner organizations by imparting trainings in Financial Management, Project Management, Enterprise Development, Skill Upgradation. In other words RMK aims at holistic empowerment of women through micro finance.

Indra Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana
The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) formulated a new Scheme for pregnant and lactating mothers called Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) – a Conditional Maternity Benefit Scheme. Under this Scheme, a cash incentive of`4000 will be provided directly to women 19 years and above for the first two live births subject to the woman fulfilling specific conditions relating to maternal child health and nutrition. Cash incentive will be provided in three installments, between the second trimester of pregnancy till the infant completes 6 months of age. Women enrolled under IGMSY will be encouraged to avail JSY package also for institutional delivery and vice-versa. However, there is no cash incentive under IGMSY at the time of delivery since cash incentive for this is already provided under JSY. IGMSY is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme under which full grant-in-aid would be provided to State Government (SGs)/Union Territories (UTs). It has been approved by the Government on pilot basis in 52 selected districts across the country.
Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs)
Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) are community health workers instituted by the Government of India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) as part of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).The Mission began in 2005; full implementation is targeted for 2012. Once fully implemented, there is to be "an ASHA in every village" in India, a target that translates into 250,000 ASHAs in 10 states.ASHAs are local women trained to act as health educators and promoters in their communities.
Selection of ASHAs-
ASHAs must primarily be female residents of the village that they have been selected to serve, who are likely to remain in that village for the foreseeable future. Married, widowed or divorced women are preferred over women who have yet to marry since Indian cultural norms dictate that upon marriage a woman leaves her village and migrates to that of her husband. ASHAs must have class eight education or higher, preferably be between the ages of 25 and 45, and are selected by and accountable to the gram panchayat (local government). If there is no suitable literate candidate, a semi-literate woman with a formal education lower than eighth standard, may be selected. Although ASHAs are considered volunteers, they receive outcome-based remuneration and financial compensation for training days.
National Nutritional Programs
Integrated Child Development Services Scheme -
Launched on 2nd October 1975, today, ICDS Scheme represents one of the world’s largest and most unique programmes for early childhood development. ICDS is the foremost symbol of India’s commitment to her children – India’s response to the challenge of providing pre-school education on one hand and breaking the vicious cycle of malnutrition, morbidity, reduced learning capacity and mortality, on the other.
The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme was launched in 1975 with the following objectives:
i.              To improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age-group 0-6 years;
ii.             To lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social development of the child;
iii.            To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout;
iv.           To achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst the various departments to promote child development; and
v.            To enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education.
The above objectives are sought to be achieved through a package of services comprising:
supplementary nutrition- This includes supplementary feeding and growth monitoring; and prophylaxis against vitamin A deficiency and control of nutritional anaemia. All families in the community are surveyed, to identify children below the age of six and pregnant & nursing mothers. They avail of supplementary feeding support for 300 days in a year. By providing supplementary feeding, the Anganwadi attempts to bridge the caloric gap between the national recommended and average intake of children and women in low income and disadvantaged communities.
Immunization - Immunization of pregnant women and infants protects children from six vaccine preventable diseases-poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis and measles. These are major preventable causes of child mortality, disability, morbidity and related malnutrition. Immunization of pregnant women against tetanus also reduces maternal and neonatal mortality.
Health check-up - This includes health care of children less than six years of age, antenatal care of expectant mothers and postnatal care of nursing mothers. The various health services provided for children by anganwadi workers and Primary Health Centre (PHC) staff, include regular health check-ups, recording of weight, immunization, management of malnutrition, treatment of diarrhoea, de-worming and distribution of simple medicines etc.
referral services - During health check-ups and growth monitoring, sick or malnourished children, in need of prompt medical attention, are referred to the Primary Health Centre or its sub-centre. The anganwadi worker has also been oriented to detect disabilities in young children. She enlists all such cases in a special register and refers them to the medical officer of the Primary Health Centre/ Sub-centre.
pre-school non-formal education  -  Its programme for the three-to six years old children in the anganwadi is directed towards providing and ensuring a natural, joyful and stimulating environment, with emphasis on necessary inputs for optimal growth and development.
Nutrition & Health education - Nutrition, Health and Education (NHED) is a key element of the work of the anganwadi worker. This forms part of BCC (Behaviour Change Communication) strategy. This has the long term goal of capacity-building of women – especially in the age group of 15-45 years – so that they can look after their own health, nutrition and development needs as well as that of their children and families.
Midday Meal Programs
With a view to enhancing enrollment, retention and attendance and simultaneously improving nutritional levels among children, the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme on 15th August 1995, initially in 2408 blocks in the country. By the year 1997-98 the NP-NSPE was introduced in all blocks of the country. It was further extended in 2002 to cover not only children in classes I-V of government, government aided and local body schools, but also children studying in EGS and AIE centres. In September 2004 the scheme was revised to provide cooked mid day meal with 300 calories and 8-12 grams of protein to all children studying in classes I-V in Government and aided schools and EGS/AIE centers. In July 2006 the scheme was further revised to provide assistance for cooking cost at the rate of (a) Rs.1.80 per child/school day for States in the North Eastern Region, provided the NER states contribute Rs.0.20 per child/school day, and (b) Rs.1.50 per child/school day for other States and UTs, provided that these States and UTs contribute Rs.0.50 per child/school day.
The objectives of the mid day meal scheme are:
• Improving the nutritional status of children in classes I-V in Government, Local Body and Government aided schools, and EGS and AIE centres.
• Encouraging poor children, belonging to disadvantaged sections, to attend school more regularly and help them concentrate on classroom activities.
• Providing nutritional support to children of primary stage in drought affected areas during summer vacation.

Special Nutrition Programs (SNP) –
The programme was launched in the country in 1970-71. It provides supplementary feeding of about 300 calories and 10 grams of protein to preschool children and about 500 calories and 25 grams of protein to expect at and nursing mothers for six days a week. This programme was operated under Minimum Need Programme. The programme was taken up in rural areas inhibited predominantly by lower socio-economic groups in tribal and urban slums. Fund for nutrition component of ICD programme is taken from the SNP budget. The Special Nutrition Programs Unit administers the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) and the Summer Food Service Program for Children (SFSP). As the administering agency, this unit provides training, technical assistance, monitoring, interpretation of federal regulations, audits, and nutrition education.

National Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis Programs -
The programme was launched in 1970 to prevent nutritional anemia in mothers and children. Under this programme, the expected and nursing mothers as well as acceptors of family planning are given one tablet of iron and folic acid containing 60 mg elementary iron which was raised to 100 mg elementary iron, however folic acid content remained same (0.5 mg of folic acid) and children in the age group of 1-5 years are given one tablet of iron containing 20 mg elementary iron (60 mg of ferrous sulphate and 0.1 mg of folic acid) daily for a period of 100 days. This programme is being taken up by Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Division of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Now it is part of Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme.

National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programs  -
Iodine is one of the essential micronutrient for human growth and development. Iodine deficiency in food lead to physical and mental disorders in child and adults. Releasing the magnitude of problem the Govt. of India launched a 100% Centrally assisted National Goitre Control Programme, which was renamed as National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme with the following objectives:-
 a) Survey to assess the magnitude of Iodine Deficiency / Disorder including Goitre.
b)    Supply of Iodated salt in place of common salt.
c)   Resurvey to assess the extend of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and impact of Iodates salt.
d). Laboratory monitoring of Iodated salt and Urinary Iodine excretion
e). Health education.

बुधवार, 7 नवंबर 2012

Cruise missiles


Nirbhay

Nirbhay  is a long range, first subsonic cruise missile being developed in India. The missile will have a range of 1,000 km. Nirbhay will be capable of being launched from multiple platforms on land, sea and air. The missile will be able of carrying 24 different types of warheads and shall be inducted into Indian Navy, Army, and Air Force. In particular, Nirbhay will be adapted for the Indo/Russian Su-30MKI.It was reported in May 2010 that the missile will be capable of carrying nuclear warheads.

Development
The missile is being developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment, a division of DRDO and after finalizing the design, the technology required for the missile is being developed. The first test flight of the missile is expected in the year 2012. It was likely to be test-fired in October, 2012. But the launch, earlier planned for October, has now been shifted to December owing to the changes being made to the launcher. It is being built by R&D Engineers, Pune, a specialised arm of DRDO. Nirbhay will be a terrain hugging, stealth missile capable of delivering 24 different types of warheads depending on mission requirements and will use an inertial navigation system for guidance. Nirbhay will supplement Brahmos in the sense that it would enable delivery of warheads farther than the 290 km range of Brahmos.
3M-54 Klub

The Russian 3M-54 Klub is a multi-role missile system developed by the Novator Design Bureau(OKB-8). Its NATO reporting name is SS-N-27. Both submarine and surface ship launched versions exist. The system is designed to accept various warheads, allowing its use against surface and subsurface naval combatants along with static land targets. In one variant, the 3M-54E (Sizzler), the final stage makes a supersonic 'sprint' to its target, reducing the time the target's defense systems have to react. The 3M-54E1 subsonic missile is roughly comparable to both the American Tomahawk cruise missile and the ASROC missile but is smaller and has a shorter range.
Design
The missile is a modular system with 5 different variants: two anti-shipping variants, one land attack variant, and two anti-submarine variants. The missile is designed to share common components between the surface and sub-launched variants with the only difference being the design of the missile launchers and the containers. An air-launched version is believed to be in development.

Sizzler' flight
The Sizzler variant (3M-54E) flies at subsonic speeds while going supersonic as it nears its target. It is also believed to be able to perform very high angled defensive maneuvers in contrast to the common linear flight path of other anti-ship cruise missiles.
Variants
There are two major launching vehicles: the Klub-S, designed for launch from submarines, and the Klub-N, designed for launch from surface ships. These two launchers can be equipped by the following warhead and guidance combinations:
3M-54E - Anti-shipping variant, Basic length 8.22 m, with a 200 kg warhead. Range is 200 km. Sea-skimmer with supersonic terminal speed and flight altitude of 15 feet (4.6 m) at final stage(2.9 mach).
3M-54E1 - Anti-shipping variant, Basic length 6.2 m, with a 400 kg warhead. Range is 300 km. Sea-skimmer with subsonic terminal speed(0.8 mach). Allegedly capable of disabling or even sinking an aircraft carrier.
3M-14E - Inertial guidance land attack variant. Basic length 6.2 m, with a 400 kg warhead. Range is 275 km. Subsonic terminal speed(0.8 mach).
91RE1 - Submarine launched anti-submarine variant, with an anti-submarine torpedo. Basic length 8.0 m, with a range of 50 km. Supersonic speed. The torpedo has a warhead weight of 76 kg. This, along with the 91RE2, are similar to the American ASROC/SUBROC missile/torpedo system. Follows a ballistic path into the surface, speed is Mach 2.5.

91RE2 - Ballistically launched anti-submarine variant, with an anti-submarine torpedo. Basic length 6.5 m, with a range of 40 km Supersonic speed. The torpedo has a warhead weight of 76 kg. For surface ship use only. The lightest of all variants, with a launch weight of 1300 kg. Speed is Mach 2.
Launch Platforms
The Russian Kilo class submarine is the primary launch platform for the missile. The future Russian Lada class submarine and its variants should also be able to launch the missile. The Indian Talwar class frigate is another primary shipborne launch platform for the missile. The Akula class submarine and the new Yasen class can also launch this missile. The new Russian Admiral Sergei Gorshkov class frigates and the second batch of Steregushchy class corvettes use the same UKSK VLS as Talwar class frigates, and thus would be able to carry these missiles as well.
It is also believed by some analysts that an air launched variant will be developed to arm the Tu-142s currently in service with both the Russian and Indian Navy, and it is also anticipated that the Tu-22M3 operated by the Indian Navy will also be equipped with the missile. A truck mounted version is also planned for development by the Novator Design Bureau.
A Klub-K variant, which launches from commercial-appearing shipping container mounted on a truck, train, or merchant vessel, was advertised in 2010 and was shown for the first time at the MAKS 2011 airshow.

P-270 Moskit
The P-270 Moskit (Russian: П-270 «Москит»; English: Mosquito) is a Russian supersonic ramjet powered cruise missile. Its GRAU designation is 3M80, and its NATO reporting name is SS-N-22 Sunburn. The missile system was designed by the Raduga Design Bureau during the 1970s as a follow up to the "SS-N-9 Siren". The Moskit was originally designed to be ship launched, but variants have been adapted to be launched from land (modified trucks), underwater (submarines) and air (reportedly the Sukhoi Su-33, a naval variant of the Sukhoi Su-27). The missile can carry conventional and nuclear warheads.
The exact classification of the missile is unknown, with varying types reported. This uncertainty is due to the secrecy surrounding an active military weapon. The Moskit is one of the missiles known by the NATO codename SS-N-22 Sunburn. It reaches a speed of Mach 3 at high altitude and Mach 2.2 at low-altitude. This speed is triple the speed of the subsonic American Harpoon. When slower missiles, like the Harpoon or the French Exocet are used, the maximum theoretical response time for the defending ship is 120 to 150 seconds. This long response time provides time to launch countermeasures and employ jamming before deploying "hard" defense tactics such as launching missiles and using quick-firing artillery. But the high speed of the 3M82 "Mosquito" missiles reduce the maximum theoretical response time for the defending ship to 25 to 30 seconds. This short response time makes jamming and countermeasures very difficult, and firing missiles and quick-firing artillery even more difficult. The Moskit was designed to be employed against smaller NATO naval groups in the Baltic Sea (Danish and German) and the Black Sea (Turkish) and non-NATO vessels in the Pacific (Japanese, South Korean, etc.), and to defend the Russian mainland against NATO amphibious assault.
Variants of the missile have been designated 3M80M, 3M82 (Moskit M).[3] The P-270 designation is believed to be the initial product codename for the class of missile, with the Russian Ministry of Defense GRAU indices (starting with 3M) designating the exact variant of the missile. The 3M80 was its original model. The 3M80M model (also termed 3M80E for export) was a 1984 longer range version of the missile, with the latest version with the longest range being the 3M82 Moskit M. The ASM-MMS / Kh-41 variant is the air launched version of the missile.The missile has been purchased by the People's Liberation Army Navy (China) and India.
BRAHMOS

Origins
The BrahMos has been developed as a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of India and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) of Russia under BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is named after two rivers, the Brahmaputra and the Moskva
Since late 2004, the missile has undergone several tests from variety of platforms including a land based test from the Pokhran range in the desert, in which the 'S' manueuver at Mach 2.8 was demonstrated for the Indian Army and a launch in which the land attack capability from sea was demonstrated.
Keltec (now known as BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Ltd or BATL), an Indian state owned firm was acquired by Brahmos Corporation in 2008. Approximately 1,500 crore (US$283.5 million) will be invested in the facility to make Brahmos components and integrate the missile systems. This was necessitated by the increased order book of the missile system, with orders having been placed by both the Indian Army and Navy. Tested at: Pokhran

Description

BrahMos claims to have the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as 10 metres in altitude. It can gain a speed of Mach 2.8, and has a maximum range of 290 km. The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead. It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-fuelled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel-efficient than rocket propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket-powered missile would achieve.
The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-missiles such as the Tomahawk. Being twice as heavy and almost four times faster than the Tomahawk, the BrahMos has almost 9 times the initial kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile (although it pays for this by having only 3/5 the payload and a fraction of the range despite weighing twice as much, suggesting a different tactical paradigm to achieve the objective). Its 2.8 mach speed means that it cannot be intercepted by some existing missile defence system and its precision makes it lethal to water targets.
Although BrahMos was primarily an anti-ship missile, the Brahmos Block III can also engage land based targets. It can be launched either in a vertical or inclined position and is capable of covering targets over a 360 degree horizon. The BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land, sea, and sub-sea platforms.[citation needed] The air-launched version has a smaller booster and additional tail fins for added stability during launch. The BrahMos is currently being configured for aerial deployment with the Su-30MKI as its carrier. On 5 September 2010 BrahMos created a record for the first supersonic steep dive. Brahmos was first test fired on 12 June 2001 from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur in a vertical launch configuration.
Brahmos Block III+ was test fired from a Mobile Autonomous Launcher on 2 December 2010 with a new advanced guidance scheme incorporating large scale manoeuvres at multiple points and a steep dive from high altitude with precision strike. Brahmos completed all manoeuvres, hitting the target precisely. On 12 August 2011 it was test fired by ground forces and met all mission parameters. The BrahMos cruise missile was successfully test fired by an Indian Army unit on Sunday, 4 March 2012 at the Pokharan range in Jaisalmer to operationalise the second regiment of the weapon system in the Indian Army.
The Indian Navy on 7 October 2012 morning successfully test-fired BrahMos from a guided missile frigate INS Teg. This new highly manoeuvrable version is fitted with advanced satellite navigation systems turning it into a "super-rocket" capable of hitting targets over 300–500 km from sea, land and air launchers, and capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.

BrahMos-2
BrahMos-2 is a stealth hypersonic cruise missile currently under development and has a range of 290 km. The range of Brahmos-2 has been regulated to 290 km as Russia is a signatory of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) which does not allow it to help other countries to develop missiles with ranges above 300 kilometres. With a speed of Mach 7 it will have a speed double the speed of the current Brahmos-1, and it has accordingly been branded as the fastest hypersonic missile in the world
BrahMos II land variant design has been completed and 4 surface to surface variants are ready to be tested. Rest of the variants will be tested in the successive years of 2012–13, design is projected to be completed by October 2011 and will arm the Project 15B destroyers of the Indian Navy. In Russian navy project 21956 Destroyers are most likely to be equipped with BrahMos II.[82]

Akash
Akash  is a medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile defense system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ordnance Factories Board and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) in India. The missile system can target aircraft up to 30 km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m. A nuclear warhead could potentially give the missile the capability to destroy both aircraft and warheads from ballistic missiles. It is in operational service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.
The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March 1997.
Two Akash missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode in 2005. 3-D Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR) group mode performance is also fully established.
Along with India, a limited number of other countries including the US, Russia, Japan, Israel, and some EU countries have developed operational multitarget-handling surface-to-air missile systems. With the successful user trials of Akash, India has validated the technology and operational efficacy of this missile system. This system is claimed to be more accurate than the MIM-104 Patriot as it has thrust during the entire course of its flight compared to the Patriot that has thrust only for the first 12 seconds, after which the missile coasts, thus making it less accurate. Apart from that the Akash can be launched from static or mobile platforms, including a battle tank. The Akash Missile Development cost of  1,000crore ($200 million), including the project sanction of  600 crore ($120 million), is 8-10 times lower than the cost of similar system developments in other countries. Akash has certain unique characteristics like mobility, all-the-way-powered flight till target interception, multiple target handling, digitally-coded command guidance and fully automatic operation.
As reported on June 11, 2010, Akash Mk-II version has begun development and will be ready for a first flight in 24 months. The Akash Mk-II will be a longer-range, faster and more accurate SAM. The missile will have an intercept range of 30–35 km and increase in the accuracy of the missile's guidance system and the fire control system.

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