Nuclear Research Centers In India

S.N.	Nuclear Research center	Location	Year of Stb.	Objective
1	Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics	Kolkata	1949	To conduct and foster excellent and interesting interdisciplinary research of significant utility.
2	Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)	Ahmedabad	1947	To provide services such as networking, email, printing, backup and maintaining computational environment for scientific and engineering research.
3	Center of Earth Science's Studies	Trivendrum (Kerala)	1978	To Promote and establish modern scientific and technological research and development studies of importance to India and to Kerala in particular, in the field of Earth Sciences, etc.
4	Nuclear Fuel Complex	Hyderabad	1971	To identify strenuous jobs and awkward postures during work causing musculoskeletal problems in various plants and suggest remedial measures, To undertake the pulmonary function studies in some selectyed category workers. (Reference technical report submitted to management by CLI in 1981).
5	Bhabha Atomic Research Center	Trombay (Mumbai)	1957	To fulfill its mandate of indigenous nuclear power programme and various other applications of nuclear energy, etc.
6	Electronics Corporation of India	Hyderabad	1967	To continue services to the country's needs for the peaceful uses Atomic Energy. Special and Strategic requirements of Defence and Space, Electronics Security Systems and Support for Civil Aviation sector.
7	Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)	Mumbai	1948	To continue services to the country's needs for the peaceful uses Atomic Energy.
8	Uranium Corporation of India	Jadugoda	1967	Mining and Processing of uranium ore to produce uranium concentrate.
9	India Rare Earths Limited	Alwaye (Kerala)	1950	To become nationally and globally competitive player in beach sand minerals and to achieve annual production of ilmenite with associate minerals of 8 lakh tons by the year 2012, etc, o improve productivity, capacity utilization, and cost effectiveness, etc.
10	Indira Gandhi Centre For Atomic Research	Tamil Nadu	1971	To conduct broad based multidisciplinary programme of scientific research and advanced Engineering, directed towards the development of sodium cooled Fast Breeder Reactor [FBR] technology
11	National Chemical Laboratory (NCL)	Pune, Maharashtra	1950	To design new solid catalysts for chemical transformations with high conversion and selectivity for petrochemicals, selected high value fine chemicals and organic intermediates,develop catalysts for pollution abatement, etc.
12	High Altitude Research Laboratory	Gulmarg, Kashmir	1963	To provide the scientific community of the country a self contained high altitude / high latitude laboratory for scientific research.
13	Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute	Durgpur, West Bengal	1958	to provide assistance to mechanical engineering industries in the form of feasibility studies, research, training, consultancy etc. for import substitution & export
14	Central Mining Research Institution	Dhanbad, Bihar	1956	To carry out the work of research and development in the area of mining and allied subjects.
15	Radio Astronomy Center	Tamil Nadu	1968	To provide stimulating environment for the front-line research in radio astronomy and astrophysics
16	Variable Energy Cyclotron Center	Mumbai	1977	Development around the accelerator technology and research in the fields of accelerator physics, nuclear physics, quark-gluon plasma, theoretical physics, material sciences, chemistry, isotope production etc.
17	Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research	Hyderabad	1948	To carry out geological exploration and discover mineral deposits required for nuclear power programme of India.

JNANPITH LAUREATES

1. G. Sankara Kurup (1965) Malayalam
2. T.S. Bandyopadhyaya (1966) Bangla
3. Uma Shankar Joshi (1967) Gujarati
4. K.V. Puttappa (1967) Kannada
5. Sumitranandan Pant (1968) Hindi
6. Firaq Gorakhpuri (1969) Urdu
7. V. Satyanarayana (1970) Telugu
8. Bishnu Dey (1971) Bangla
9. Ramdhari Singh `Dinkar' (1972) Hindi
10. D.R. Bendre (1973) Kannada,
11. Gopinath Mohanty (1973) Oriya
12. V.S. Khandekar (1974) Marathi
13. P.V. Akilandam (1975) Tamil
14. Ashapurna Devi (1976) Bangla
15. K.S. Karanth (1977) Kannada
16. S.H.V. Ajneya (1978) Hindi
17. B.K. Bhattacharya (1979) Assamese
18. S.K. Pottekkatt (1980) Malayalam,
19. Amrita Pritam (1981) Punjabi
20. Mahadevi Varma (1982) Hindi
21. Masti V. Iyengar (1983) Kannada
22. Thakazhi S. Pillai (1984) Malayalam
23. Pannalal Patel (1985) Gujarati
24. Satchidanand Rautroy (1986) Oriya
25. V.V.S. 'Kusumagraj' (1987) Marathi
26. C. Narayana Reddy (1988) Telugu
27. Qurratulain Hyder (1989) Urdu
28. V.K. Gokak (1990) Kannada
29. Subhash Mukhopadhyaya (1991) Bangla
30. Naresh Mehta (1992) Hindi
31. Sitakant Mahapatra (1993) Oriya
32. U.R. Anantha Murthy (1994) Kannada
33. M.T. Vasudevan Nair (1995) Malayalam
34. Mahasveta Devi (1996) Bangla
35. Ali Sardar Jafri (1997) Urdu
36. Girish Karnad (1998) Kannada
37. Nirmal Verma (1999) Hindi
38. Gurdial Singh (1999) Punjabi
39. Indira Goswami (2000) Assamese
40. Rajendra Shah (2001) Gujarati
41. D. Jayakanthan (2002) Tamil
42. Vinda Karandikar (2003) Marathi
43. Rahman Rahi (2004) Kashmiri
44. Kunwar Narain (2005) Hindi
45. Satyavrat Shastri (2006) Sanskrit
46. Ravindra Kelekar (2006) Konkani
47. O. N. V. Kurup (2007) Malayalam
48. Akhlaq Khan Shahryar (2008) Urdu

49. Shrilal Shukla (2009) Hindi

50. Amarkant (2009) Hindi

51. Chandrasekhar Kambar (2010) Kannada

52.Pratibha Ray(2011) oriya

राजीव गाँधी खेल रत्न सम्मान

राजीव गाँधी खेल रत्न भारत का खेल जगत में दिया जाने वाला सर्वोच्च सम्मान है। इस सम्मान का नाम पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री राजीव गाँधी के नाम पर रखा गया। यह सम्मान 1991-92 में शुरू किया गया। खेल के क्षेत्र में सराहना और जागरूकता के लिए इस सम्मान की स्थापना की गयी थी। इसका उद्देश्य खिलाड़ियों को सम्मानित कर उनकी प्रतिष्ठा बढ़ाना है ताकि वे समाज में अधिक सम्मान प्राप्त कर सकें।इस सम्मान में एक पदक, सम्मान सहित एक प्रमाण पत्र और नक़द इनाम मिलता है। सन् 2004-05 तक, नक़द रुपयों की संख्या 5,00,000/- थी। अब यह संख्या 5,00,000 से बढ़ाकर 7,50,000 कर दी गयी है। राजीव गांधी खेल रत्न खिलाड़ी को प्रतिवर्ष दिया जाता है जिसमें उत्कृष्ट खेल प्रदर्शन के लिए व्यक्ति को सम्मानित किया जाता है।

क्रम	वर्ष	नाम	खेल
1	1991-92	विश्वनाथन आनन्द	शतरंज
2	1992-93	गीत सेठी	बिलियर्ड्स
3	1993-94	प्रदान नहीं किया गया
4	1994-95	होमी मोतीवाला पुष्पेन्द्र कुमार गर्ग	नौकायन
5	1995-96	कर्णम मल्लेश्वरी	भारोत्तोलन
6	1996-97	कुंजारानी देवी  लिएंडर पेस	भारोत्तोलन टेनिस
7	1997-98	सचिन तेंदुलकर	क्रिकेट
8	1998-99	ज्योतिर्मयी सिकदर	एथलेटिक्स (ट्रैक और फील्ड)
9	1999-2000	धनराज पिल्लै	हॉकी
10	2000-01	पुलेला गोपीचंद	बैडमिंटन
11	2001-02	अभिनव बिंद्रा	शूटिंग
12	2002-03	अंजली वेद पाठक के.एम. बीनामोल	शूटिंग एथलेटिक्स (ट्रैक और फील्ड)
13	2003-04	अंजु बॉबी जॉर्ज	एथलेटिक्स (ट्रैक और फील्ड)
14	2004-05	राज्यवर्धन सिंह राठौर	शूटिंग
15	2005-06	पंकज आडवाणी	बिलियर्ड्स और स्नूकर
16	2006-07	मानवजीत सिंह संधू	शूटिंग
17	2007-08	महेन्द्र सिंह धोनी	क्रिकेट
18	2008-09	विजेन्द्र कुमार सिंह सुशील कुमार मैरी कॉम	बाक्सिंग कुश्ती बाक्सिंग
19	2009-10	साइना नेहवाल	बैडमिंटन
20	2010-11	गगन नारंग	निशानेबाज़ी
21	2011-12	विजय कुमार योगेश्वर दत्त	निशानेबाज़ी कुश्ती

River Sanitation in India

India is recognised as has having major problems with water pollution, predominately due to untreated sewerage. Rivers such as the Ganges, the Yamuna and Kaveri rivers, all flowing through highly populated areas, are heavily polluted.

India’s rivers are spread across her geography. From the great snow-fed Himalayan rivers to small coastal streams that drain into the surrounding seas, India lives by her rivers. Literally so – almost all the rivers have a sizable population settled along the banks. British writer Eric Newby summed up the Indian river thus, “Bathing in it, drinking it, washing clothes in it, irrigating their fields, dying by it and then having their ashes borne away by it". This social custom has led to the Indian rivers’ being heavily polluted, most times to unhealthy levels.

Sullied waters

 Many cleaning projects like the “Clean Ganga Campaign” have not met with much success. Much of the ground reality was not taken into consideration. It was estimated that besides heavy metals found in Indian rivers, most of their main pollutant turned out to be fecal-coliform, a bacteria derived from human feces that causes a host of diseases.

Safe solutions

 Many solutions to clean India’s rivers have been suggested, of which some have been implemented while others are yet to take off. They include:

·         Keeping factories at a safe distance from river banks.

·         Devising a sewage system that can be pumped onto an island instead of into rivers.

·         Treating waste and sewage with microbes and algae to make it safer.

·         Create continuous, sustained educational campaigns about the ills of pollution.

·         Using TV programs and radio campaigns to influence the older population.

The above solutions have been taken up in various efforts made by the government and a number of environmental NGOs working for clean rivers.

Following is a brief description about efforts made by different quarters of the society to clean river Ganga. We are taking up river Ganga cleaning campaigns because of the enormous financial, social and environmental(if and only the projects succeed) impact of these campaigns.

Ganges

The Ganga is the largest river in India with an extraordinary religious importance for Hindus. Along its banks are some of the world's oldest inhabited places like Varanasi and Patna. It provides water to about 40% of India's population in 11 states. In modern times, it is known for being very polluted.[3]

An estimated 2.9 billion litres or more of human sewage is discharged into the Ganges daily (200 million litres daily in the city Varanasi alone), although the existing treatment plants have capacity to treat only 1.1 billion litres per day, leaving a huge deficit.

Statistics

A 2006 measurement of pollution in the Ganges sabrina revealed that river water monitoring over the previous 12 years had demonstrated fecal coliform counts up to 100,000,000 MPN (most probable number) per 100 ml and biological oxygen demand levels averaging over 40 mg/l in the most polluted part of the river in Varanasi. The overall rate of water-borne/enteric disease incidence, including acute gastrointestinal disease, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis-A, and typhoid, was estimated to be about 66%.

A systematic classification done by Uttaranchal Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board’s (UEPPCB) on river waters into the categories A: safe for drinking, B: safe for bathing, C: safe for agriculture, and D: excessive pollution, put the Ganges in D. Coliform bacteria levels in the Ganges have also been tested to be at 5,500, a level too high to be safe for agricultural use let alone drinking and bathing.

The leather industry in Kanpur which employs around 50,000 people in more than 400 tanneries uses chemicals such as toxic chromium compounds. Effectively, chromium levels have not decreased in the Ganges even after a common treatment plant was established in 1995. It now stands at more than 70 times the recommended maximum level.

A study conducted by the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) under the Indian Council of Medical Research in 2012, suggested that "those living along its banks in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal are more prone to cancer than anywhere else in the country". The survey indicated that Gallbladder cancer cases along the river course are the second highest in the world and prostate cancer highest in the country.

Cleaning efforts

Ganga Action Plan

The Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched by Rajiv Gandhi in April 1986 in order to reduce the pollution load on the river. But the efforts to decrease the pollution level in the river became more after spending र 901.71 Crore (~190 million USD adjusting to inflation). Therefore, this plan was withdrawn on 31 March 2000. The steering Committee of the National River Conservation Authority reviewed the progress of the GAP and necessary correction on the basis of lessons learned and experiences gained from the GAP phase; 2 schemes have been completed under this plan. A million litres of sewage is targeted to be intercepted, diverted and treated. Phase-II of the program was approved in stages from 1993 onwards, and included the following tributaries of the Ganges: Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar and Mahananda. As of 2011, it is currently under implementation.

National Ganga River Basin Authority

NRGBA was established by the Central Government of India, on 20 February 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. It also declared Ganges as the "National River" of India. The chair includes the Prime Minister of India and Chief ministers of states through which the Ganges flows.

The Central Government, by a notification dated 20.2.2009, as set up ‘National GangaRiver Basin Authority’ (NGRBA)as an empowered planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the Ganga River, in exercise of the powers conferred under the Environment (Protection) Act,1986. The Prime Minister is ex-officio Chairperson of the Authority, and it has as its members, the Union Ministers Concerned and the Chief Ministers of states through which Ganga flows, viz., Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, among others. The objective of the Authority is to ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga by adopting a holistic approach with the river basin as the unit of planning. The functions of the Authority include all measures necessary for planning and execution of programmes for abatement of pollution in the Ganga in keeping with sustainable development  needs.

The first meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) was held on 5th October, 2009 under the Chairmanship of the Hon’ble Prime Minister. The meeting was attended by the Chief Ministers of Uttarkhand and Bihar, Union Ministers of Urban Development, Water Resources and the Union Minister for Environment and Forests, besides the Deputy Chairman Planning Commission.

Key Features of New Approach

·         River basin will be the unit of planning and management. This is an internationally accepted strategy for integrated management of rivers.

·         Accordingly, a new institutional mechanism in the form of National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) will  spearhead river conservation efforts at the national level. Implementation will be by the State Agencies and Urban Local  Bodies

·         The new strategy will take into account the competing demands on water and will seek t ensure minimum ecological flows. STPs minimise the pollution load up to discharge standard of BOD of 30mg/litre requiring dilution to achieve  river water quality of 3mg/ litre.

·         The minimum ecological flows or the entire Ganga will be determined through  modelling exercises. NGRBA

·         will take appropriate measures to regulate water abstraction for maintaining ecological flows in the river.

Functions of  NGRBA

     The NGRBA would be responsible for addressing the problem of pollution in Ganga in a holistic and comprehensive manner. This will include water quality, minimum ecological flows, sustainable access and other issues relevant to river ecology and management.

    The NGRBA will not only be regulatory body but will also have developmental role in terms of planning & monitoring of the river conservation   activities and ensuring that necessary resources are available.

·         The NRGBA would work for maintaining the water quality of the river Ganga uptoacceptable standards. The pollution abetment activities will be taken through the existing implementation mechanisms in the State and also through special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs0 at the pollution hotspots.

·         The NGRBA    will ensure minimum ecological flow in the Ganga by regulating water abstraction and by promoting water storage projects.

·         The NGRBA will plan and monitor programmes for cleaning of Ganga and its tributaries. To being with, it will concentrate on Ganga main stream.

·         The NGRBA would draw upon professional expertise within and outside the Government for advice on techno-economic issues.

·         The technical and administrative support to NGRBA shall be provided by the Ministry of Environment  &  for advice on techno-economic issues.

·         The technical and administrative support to NGRBA shall be provided by the Ministry of Environment & Forests.

CPCB

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), statutory organisation, was constituted in September, 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further, CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Principal Functions of the CPCB, as spelt out in the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, (i) to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution, and (ii) to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country

Actions undertaken by CPCB for Prevention of Pollution of River Ganga.

·         Training cum Awareness programme on Saltless Preservation of Hides/ skins was organized by CPCB at Lucknow and Kanpur, which was attended by representatives from slaughter houses, tannery & allied units and officers of UPPCB. The programme was oriented towards the ongoing efforts pursuing basin-wise approach for reduction of dissolved solids in wastewater from leather processing industries in particular by invoking saltless preservation of hides/ skins.

·         CPCB has initiated a Techno-Economic Feasibility for setting up of Common Recovery Plant & Common Effluent Treatment Plant for Pulp & Paper Industries identified clusters at Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad and Meerut.

·         CPCB also made a reconnaissance survey from Gomukh to Uluberia (West Bengal) for identified the point source and its impact on River. This reconnaissance survey is conducted in association with Shri Rajinder Singh, Member, NGRBA.

·         CPCB issued direction to UPPCB and Uttarakhand PCB in the matter of Prevention and Control of Pollution from agro based Pulp & Paper Sector Mills. As a result 31 industries have been issued directions in U.P., 25 digester sealed at Uttarakhand, 8 industries were directed and 4 were stop chemical pulping.

·         CPCB conducted monitoring of 26 industrial units in the stretch of river Ganga between Kannauj to Varanasi in the month of September 2010. Of these 7 were found closed during inspection, 2 were complying to the prescribed discharge norms, 9 were requiring minor improvements, 4 have been issued directions (under section 5 of Environment Protection Act 1986) for closure, 3 have been issued directions for corrective measures (under section 5 of Environment Protection Act 1986) and 1 have been issued Show Cause notice for closure (under section 5 of Environment Protection Act 1986).

·         Pollution Load Assessment study is ongoing from the outfall of major sources with the help of Pollution Control Research Institute at Haridwar, Centre for Environment & Nature Conservation, Patna University and Jadavpur University, Kolkata.

Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court has been working on the closure and relocation of many of the industrial plants along the Ganges and in 2010 the government declared the stretch of river between Gaumukh and Uttarkashi an “eco-sensitive zone”  

The success of these projects depends largely on the cooperation of the ordinary citizen. Whether it is lack of awareness or sheer indifference to the plight of India’s rivers, a shift in mindset is paramount.

विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी और नवोन्मेष नीति-2013

प्रधानमंत्री डॉ मनमोहन सिंह ने कोलकाता में भारतीय विज्ञान कांग्रेस के शताब्दी अधिवेशन के उद्घाटन सत्र में विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी और नवोन्मेष नीति-2013 प्रस्तुत की. इस नीति का केंद्र बिंदु है- यह नीति लोगों के लिए है और लोग इस नीति के लिए हैं. इसका उद्देश्यं विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी और नवोन्मेष के सभी लाभों को राष्ट्रीय विकास तथा सतत और अधिक समावेशी विकास के लिए उपयोग में लाना है. इसमें अनुसंधान और विकास, प्रौद्योगिकी तथा नवीनीकरण की गतिविधियों में निजी क्षेत्र की भागीदारी को बढ़ावा और प्रोत्साहन देकर अनुसंधान और विकास पर होने वाले कुल खर्च का सही आकलन करने पर जोर दिया गया.

इस नीति का उद्देश्य देश के त्वरित, सतत और समावेशी विकास की अपेक्षाओं को पूरा करने के लिए खोज और वैज्ञानिक समाधानों में तेजी लाना है तथा सुदृढ़ और व्यवाहारिक विज्ञान, अनुसंधान और नवोन्मेष प्रणाली के द्वारा देश के लिए उच्च प्रौद्योगिकी पर आधारित विकास का मार्ग प्रशस्त करना है.

विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी और नवोन्मेष नीति-2013 की मुख्य विशेषताएं:

• समाज के सभी वर्गों में वैज्ञानिक सोच को प्रोत्साहित करना.

• समाज के सभी वर्गों के युवाओं में विज्ञान के उपयोगों के लिए कौशलों को बढ़ावा देना.

• प्रतिभाशाली युवाओं के लिए विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी और नवोन्मेष में कॅरियर को आकर्षक बनाना.

• विज्ञान के कुछ अग्रणी क्षेत्रों में वैश्विक नेतृत्व हासिल करने के लिए अनुसंधान और विकास का विश्व  स्तरीय ढांचा स्थापित करना.

• वर्ष 2020 तक भारत को पांच बड़ी वैश्विक वैज्ञानिक शक्तियों में खड़ा करना (वैश्विक वैज्ञानिक प्रकाशनों में भारत के

• हिस्सेच को 3.5 प्रतिशत से बढ़ाकर सात प्रतिशत करना और विश्व की एक प्रति शीर्ष पत्रिकाओं में आलेखों की संख्या मौजूदा स्त र से बढ़ाकर चार गुना करना).

• विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी और नवोन्मेष प्रणाली के योगदानों को समावेशी आर्थिक विकास के एजेंडे के साथ जोड़ना और उत्कृ्ष्टता तथा संगतता की प्राथमिकताओं पर ध्यान देना.

• अनुसंधान और विकास में निजी क्षेत्र की भागीदारी बढ़ाने के लिए महौल तैयार करना.

• सफल प्रयोगों को दोहराकर तथा नई सरकार-निजी क्षेत्र भागीदारी (पीपीपी) की व्यंवस्थाएं कायम करके अनुसंधान और विकास के निष्कर्षों को सामाजिक और व्यवासायिक उपयोगों में बदलना.

• नई प्रणालियों के माध्यम से विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी आधारित अधिक जोखिम के महत्त्वपूर्ण नवीनीकरण को बढ़ावा देना.

• आकार और प्रौद्योगिकी की सीमाओं के दायरे में संसाधनों के बेहतर उपयोग से कम लागत की नवीनीकरण गतिविधियों को बढ़ावा देना.

• विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी आधारिक ज्ञान से संपदा संवर्धन के कार्यक्रमों को मान्यता देने वाली सोच और मूल्य प्रणाली को बढ़ावा देना.

• एक सुदृढ़ राष्ट्रीय नमोन्वेष प्रणाली की स्थापना करना.

विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी और नवोन्मेष नीति की प्रमुख अपेक्षाएं:

• निजी क्षेत्र के योगदान को बढ़ावा देकर इस दशक में अनुसंधान और विकास में कुल खर्च को सकल घरेलू उत्पाद के मौजूदा एक प्रतिशत से बढ़ाकर दो प्रतिशत करना.

• देश में अनुसंधान और विकास में कार्यरत कर्मियों के समकक्ष पूर्णकालिक कर्मियों की मौजूदा संख्या में पांच वर्षों में कम से कम 66 प्रतिशत वृद्धि करना.

• नवीनीकरणों के लाभों की पहुंच, उपलब्धता और खरीद क्षमता को, विशेष रूप से महिलाओं, विशिष्ट क्षमताओं वाले लोगों और समाज की कमजोर वर्गों के लिए बढ़ाना.