मंगलवार, 14 मई 2013

China vs India: Lets compare Dragon and Elephant


China and India both are the two fastest growing major economies of the world but China precedes India by a great margin as far as Economic growth and development is concerned. The exceptional accomplishments by both the economies of China and India brought a new balance of power and capability in the world economy. China and India are extremely antediluvian civilizations and the economies of these countries are affected by the various factors such as economic, political, social, geographic, etc.

Chinese economy Vs Indian economy
China is the Second largest economy in the world, with growth rates averaging 10% for the last 30 years whereas India is the Eleventh largest economy with the overall growth rate averaging 6.5%. GDP of China and India are expected to evolve rapidly over the period of time. It is believed that China will emerge as too big economy and India will have better investor returns as compared to China. India cataloged the highest growth rates in mid 2000s.

The world economy which is dominated by mighty USA would be ruled by China. According to Economists, In 2018 China will transcend USA to become world’s largest economy. There are various factors which developed China into a better economy as compared to India. As India was underneath the dominance of British for the period of 190 years which depleted the resources of the country to the large amount and the country suffered a prolonged economic loss. But China never faced any sort of colonization due to that China relished well planned economic pattern which made China more powerful. The growth in GDP brought lighting increase in the manufacturing sectors in the country which resulted in production of high tech goods on huge extent. This benefited manufacturing firms such as Lenovo, Huawei Technologies, etc. As per survey report, growth rate of China and India roused due to contribution of institutional investors in their respective economies.

Population
The population of China is more than 1.3 billion making it the world’s most populated country whereas India is the second largest populated country in the world with 1.2 billion people. The population of India is advancing quickly and is expected to surpass China in 2030. Although the geographic land of India is one third of China. Population of India is growing at an annual rate of 1.3% as correlated to China’s 0.5 %.

Infrastructure
China has very well developed and advanced infrastructure as compared to India. The major aspects that made an absolute distinctness between China and India are manpower and labor development, water management, health care facilities and services, communication, civic amenities, etc. These features are well established and have a definite outcome on its economy, whereas India is a developing country and still faces difficulty and trouble of poverty, unemployment, lack of civic amenities, etc.

Agriculture
Agriculture Sector is also a major factor of economic comparison between India and China. It configures a major economic sector for both the Asian Giants. However, the agricultural sector of China is much balanced and established as compared to that of India. In India, many farmers are still using the very old and traditional techniques for cultivation whereas the techniques followed by China are very much developed and advanced. Utilization of advanced and new technology resulted in better quality of crops.

Technology
Development in Science and Technology also plays an important role in development of economy. Both these countries are quickly improving and advancing their technologies. There have been tremendous advancement and development of technology for the countries over the period of time. China is market leader in hardware technology, whereas India is champion in software sector.

Politics
As far as the politics is concerned, the political system of China is communist which is favorable and effective to economic growth and development but lack of freedom of expression and freedom of speech, everything is censored, human rights have less values,  whereas the political system of India is democratic,but delays the economic growth and development of the country, but has more freedom of thoughts and  expressions, since its largest democracy.

Investment
The rate of investment in China was in between 35% and 44% for the last 25 years, whereas the rate of investment in India was in between 20% and 26%. The investment on infrastructure in India was averaged to 2% whereas in China it was 19% of GDP.

Military Strength
China has over 22.55 lakh military squad and 9000 aircrafts with 2000 fighter planes whereas India has 13.25 lakh military squad and 3000 aircrafts with 790 fighter planes. Indian Army has 10,340 land based weapons, 3,898 tanks, 4175 towed artillery. China Army has 31,300 land based weapons, 8,200 tanks, 14,000 towed artillery. Indian Navy is the Eighth largest navy in the world with fleets of 145 vessels including missile capable warships, advanced submarines, new naval aircrafts and aircraft carriers. Indian Navy is experienced and well trained in combat as well as rescue operations. On the other hand, China’s Navy has fleet of 284 vessels is numerically excessive than Indian Navy, but lacks war experience. In terms of nuclear power, China is much advanced that of India’s nuclear forces with 200-400 active nuclear warheads whereas India’s nuclear force is believed to have about 50-70 nuclear warheads.


Important Current Affairs Question for Civil Services Exam (pre) 2013- Part 14


401. Name the Indian Oil's Refinery that was awarded the Platinum Award in the 13th Annual Greentech Environment Awards.

a) Indian Oil's Jaipur Refinery
b) Indian Oil's Mathura Refinery
c) Indian Oil's Digboi Refinery
d) Indian Oil's Panipat Refinery

Answer. (b) 

402. The World Development Report 2013: Jobs was released by the a particular organization that stressed upon the role of strong private sector in creation of jobs, outlining the facts that how can the jobs encourage development and incite an honest cycle. Name the organization that issued the report?

a) World Bank
b) UNESCO
c) World Economic Forum
d) UNO

Answer. (a)

403. What was the theme of the 14 days India International Trade Fair that was celebrated in Delhi in November 2012?

a) Environment management
b) Looking at future endeavors
c) India and holistic vision to fine arts
d) Skilling India

Answer. (d) 

404. Name the Tamil Writer and Novelist who died in the month of November?

a) Muttulingam
b) P.V. akilandam
c) S. Bhasyam
d) Kamala Sadagopan

Answer. (d) 

405. Name the State announced tablet computers for students who will pass matriculation?

a) Odisha
b) West Bengal
c) Jharkhand
d) Uttarakhand

Answer. (c) 

406. TRAI regulated a cap of certain number of SMSs at Concession rates. What is the new regulated number of SMSs allowed by TRAI?

a) 200
b) 10
c) 100
d) 50

Answer. (c) 

407. Name the body that acts as the independent regulator of the telecommunications business in India?

a) TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India)
b) TRAI (Teleconnect Regulatory Authority of India)
c) TRAI (Telecommunication Regulation Authorised for India)
d) TRAI (Teleservices Regulatory Authority of India)

Answer. (a) 

408. The new version of Aakash 2 launched by the Indian President Pranab Mukherjee would be made available to students at a price of 1130 Rupees. The initial one lakh devices is going to be made available to students of which segment.

a) Management Institutes and Universities
b) Medical Institutes and Universities
c) Engineering colleges and universities
d) Mass Communication Graduates

Answer. (c) 

409. The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 passed in the Indian Parliament in May 2012 defines child as a person who comes under the age group of?

a) 0 years to 18 years
b) 0 years to 8 years
c) 0 years to 12 years
d) 0 years to 15 years

Answer. (a) 

410. The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 has defined the ways to provide a child friendly process of offence reporting to evidence recording, trial and investigations. Which Section of the Act allows the Union Government to make the necessary changes in the Act, whenever and wherever applicable?

a) Article 12
b) Article 45
c) Article 16
d) Article 19

Answer. (b) 

411. Name the agencies that would be monitoring the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 and its provisions, periodically?

a) The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights and the State Commission for Protection of Child Rights
b) The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
c) The State Commission for Protection of Child Rights
d) National Charter for Children and the State Commission for Protection of Child Rights

Answer. (a) 

412. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) gave clean chit to Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant (RAPP) that was hit by a controversy over the clean-chit. Over the controversial unit 6 of RAPP that was exposed to hazardous tritium. Name the place, where this Energy Agency is located?

a) Rawatbhata
b) Ajmer
c) Jaipur
d) Shree Ganganagar

Answer. (a) 

413. What is the full form of GAAR which was proposed in 2012-13 budgets with a view to preventing tax evasion.

a) General Allocation Attributive Rule
b) General Anti-Avoidance Rules
c) General Antidote-Avoidance Rules
d) General Accident Avoidance Rule

Answer. (b) 

414. The Government of India in 2012-2013 budget appointed a committee on finalization of guidelines for GAAR - General Anti-Avoidance Rules to find out ways for preventing tax evasion after for undertaking the consultations of stakeholders. Name the person who headed the commission?

a) Shri N. Rangachary
b) Dr. Parthasarsthi Shome
c) Dr. Ajay Shah
d) Sunil Gupta

Answer. (b) 

415. The Union Cabinet of India in November 2012 passed the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy (NPPA). As per the new pricing policy declared by the Union Government, what is the number of essential drugs that would come under price control policy of the nation?

a) 348
b) 95
c) 196
d) 210

Answer. (a) 

416. The Ministry of Defence in India inaugurated a coastal chain of static sensors positioned along the coast of a state in November 2012. The event also signified the operationalisation of the network on the East coast. Name the state-where these coastal chains of static sensors were inaugurated?

a) Sikkim
b) Goa
c) Tamil Nadu
d) Andhra Pradesh

Answer. (d) 

417. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) is an independent regulator of the telecommunications business in India. It came into existence by the Act of the Parliament and the act was named as?

a) Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act 2000
b) Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act 1997
c) Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act 1994
d) Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act 1999

Answer. (b) 

418. Which of the following statement/statements is/are true in relation to the Low Cost Aakash Tablet 2?

i. The tablet was launched by President of India, Pranab Mukherjee
ii. It was launched in the month of October 2012 at Delhi University
iii. The processor of the tablet would run with 1 GHz, 512 MB Ram, 7 Inch Capacitative Touch Screen and battery
iv. The tablet would be first provided to Engineering and Medical Students in Kerela

a) Only I is true
b) Only i and iii are true
c) Only ii and iii are true
d) All the four statements i, ii, iii, and iv are true

Answer. (b) 

419. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) on 5 November 2012 issued a cap of 100 SMSs per day at concession rate. It also fixed a rate of 50 paise per SMS beyond the decided cap. The body has also placed limitation on the unregistered telemarketers for sending the SMSs, what is the limitation for these telemarketers put forward by the body.

a) 200 SMSs per hour
b) 200 SMSs per day
c) 200 SMSs per quarter
d) 10 SMSs per minute

Answer. (a) 

420. Which of the statements mentioned below about Akash Tablets is False?

a) The tablet will include NCERT content, GNU Khata- an accounting package for barefoot accountants in rural areas
b) It will include Daisy Books for differently-abled students
c) Scholarship Portal integrated with Aadhar would also be a part of this tablet
d) One million teachers training programme with a live video interaction with participants from across the world

i. Statement i, ii, iii and four all are false
ii. Statement i is false
iii. Statement iv is false
iv. None of these statements are false

Answer. (iii) 

421. Name the person who won the prestigious Kyoto Prize in Kyoto in November 2012.

a) The famous economist and Nobel Prize winner Amratya Sen
b) Astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort
c) Renowned literary critic and educator Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
d) Japanese cell biologist Yoshinori Ohsumi

Answer. (c) 

422. Name the person who won WISE Award 2012. Wise Award is also known as a Nobel Prize for Education.

a) Dr. Madhav Chavan of Charity- Pratham
b) Anand Kumar of Super-30
c) Cecilia D’Oliveira– For MIT OpenCourseWare (USA)
d)  Mhammed Abbad Andaloussi - School-Business Partnerships

Answer. (a) 

423. A rare 76 carat diamond named after the Austrian owner Archduke Joseph August was auctioned in November 2012 at a record price of Euros16.9 million or approximately 118 crore rupees at the auction, which was held at Geneva. Name the place from where it was mined?

a) From the mines of erstwhile Jahria Kingdom
b) From the mines Raniganj Coalfield
c) From the mines Singareni collieries in Khammam district
d) From the mines of erstwhile Golconda Kingdom

Answer. (d) 

424.    India-Japan-US Trilateral Dialogue was held in New Delhi in to enhance cooperation on combating maritime security, combating piracy and leveraging their strengths to shape the Asia-Pacific architecture and was the third trilateral meeting of its type. What was the place, where the first round of these talks took place?
a)    Tokyo
b)    New Delhi
c)    New Jersey
d)    Washington

Answer. (d) 

425.    India and Canada in November 2012 succeeded in creating a mechanism for shipping Canadian Uranium to India clearing the mistrust generated on the Canadian side after the nuclear explosion from India. When did the explosion done and what was the main issue.

a)    In 1976, the Uranium that India was exporting to Canada, which was never sent by the Indian side to Canada
b)    In 1974 when India used the plutonium that was allegedly abstracted from the Canadian test reactor to carry on a nuclear explosion
c)     In 1990, when Canada tried to exploit the resources from India for explosion purposes instead of using it for generation of power
d)    None of these

Answer. (b) 

426.    Which of the following statements in relation to India-Canada finalised a Mechanism for Shipping of Canadian Uranium to India is false?
a)    Both the sides were successful in inking the agreement on the mechanism of shipment of the Canadian Uranium to India for the first time after 1974.
b)    The nuclear trade relations between the two nations were affected, when India used the plutonium that was allegedly abstracted from the Canadian test reactor to carry on a nuclear explosion in the year 1974
c)    India and Canada on 6 November 2012 succeeded in creating a mechanism for shipping Canadian Uranium to India
d)    India and Canada signed a treaty that states that India can also use the Uranium if required for generation of Nuclear missiles

i.    Statements a and d are false
ii.    Statements a, b and c are false
iii.    Statement d is false
iv.    Statement a is false

Answer. (iii) 

427.    United Kingdom recently in November 2012 lifted its travel advisory from an Indian State-name the state?

a)    Chattishgarh
b)    Mizoram
c)    Jammu and Kashmir
d)    Assam

Answer. (c) 

428.    Name the lady reckoned to be a heroine of the World War II and was the world’s first lady radio operator, who was infiltrated in the then occupied France
a)    Noor Inayat Khan
b)    Phyllis Diller
c)    Makeda, Queen of Sheba
d)    Catherine II the Great Empress of All Russia

Answer. (a) 

429. Who unveiled the Bronze Bust of Noor Inayat Khan, the lady reckoned to be a heroine of the World War II in November 2012 at London and at which place was it unveiled?

a) Britain's Princess Anne at Gordon Square
b) Prime Minister David Cameron at Gordon Square
c) Sir Robert Walpole at Birmingham
d) Britain's Princess Anne at Glasgow

Answer. (a) 

430. Who is the writer of the book the Spy Princess- the Life of Noor Inayat Khan?
a) Amelia Gray
b) Shrabani Basu
c) Kamala Das
d) Jennifer Tamayo

Answer. (b) 

431. India and Britain during the Foreign Minister level talks decided to step-up cooperation’s on an issue. What is the issue on which the cooperation’s were discussed?

a) Syria Issue
b) Cyber Security
c) Nuclear export and import
d) Free trade agreements

Answer. (c) 

432. India and Britain decided to enhance Cooperation in Cyber Security, which of the following statements in relation to the Foreign Minister level talks during these discussions, mentioned below is false?

a) Before the Foreign Minister level talks, Foreign Secretary level talks were executed and here the issues discussed were nuclear energy and counter-terrorism
b) William Hague the British Foreign Secretary and Salman Khurshid India's External Affairs Minister agreed on the issues of cooperation on cyber crimes
c) India & Britain upgraded the relationship of strategic partnership in the year 2004 and since then the foreign ministers of both the nations have been working on the areas of common interest in the cyber domain
d) Both the nations disagreed to co-operate each other in defining the ways of tackling the cyber crime as per the law established and existence in both the nations.

i. Statement a, b, c and d all are false
ii. Statement a, b, c and d all are true
iii. Either statement a or statement c is false
iv. Statement d is false

Answer. (iv) 

433. CIA Director in November 2012 resigned as head of the leading US spy agency shocking the intelligence community. Name this director?

a) John McCone
b) Paula Broadwell
c) David Petraeus
d) RADM Sidney Souers

Answer. (c) 

434. The three-day review meeting of Ministers of Education and heads of delegation of the E-9 countries comprising India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, Nigeria and Mexico ended in New Delhi in November 2012. Which one of the following statements in relation to the meet is False?

a) Members of the E-9 group adopted of the New Delhi Commitment
b) Decisions were made towards expansion of their cooperation in Inclusive, Relevant Quality Education for All
c) The member nations were not successful in recognizing relevance and equity as key dimensions of quality in their future efforts
d) Stock of the progress towards the Education for All goals and to renew cooperation in consolidating the gains and addressing remaining challenges

Answer. (c) 

435. Name the party that won U.S. Presidential Elections 2012?

a) Democratic Party
b) Republican Party
c) Libertarian Party
d) Green Party

Answer. (a) 

436. How many states in the US Presidential Elections are considered as the Swing states?

a) 7 swing states
b) 8 swing states
c) 9 swing states
d) 6 swing states

Answer. (c) 

437. Name the person who is the third Indian-American in the U.S. House of Representatives?

a) Dr. Syed Taj
b) Dr. Manan Trivedi
c) Upendra Chivukula
d) Ami Bera

Answer. (d) 

438. Name the US President from Democratic Party before Obama, to serve White House for continuous two terms after World War II.

a) George W. Bush
b) Bill Clinton
c) Jimmy Carter
d) John F. Kennedy

Answer. (b) 

439. Name the Agency that announced in November 2012 that United States would takeover Saudi Arabia as world’s biggest oil producing nation by 2017?

a) International Atomic Energy Agency
b) International Energy Agency
c) World Bank
d) UNESCO

Answer. (b) 

440. Name the country that recognized the new Syrian Opposition Coalition in the month of November 2012.

a) Kuwait
b) USA
c) Britain
d) France

Answer. (d) 

441. India and Japan in November 2012 signed Earths Pact on?

a) Rare Earth Minerals
b) Senkaku islands
c) Himalayan flora and Fauna
d) Natural resources air, earth and water

Answer. (a) 

442. US recently lifted import bans from a country before the historical visit of President Obama to it. Name the Country to which Obama made his visit?

a) Myanmar
b) Cambodia
c) Vietnam
d) Bangladesh

Answer. (a) 

443. Bangladesh opted out of D-8 Summit Scheduled to be Held in Pakistan in November 2012. What was the cause for this decision made by Bangladesh?
a) Because of the growing terrorism activities in Pakistan
b) Because of the attack that happened on Malala that happened in the recent past in Pakistan
c) Because Pakistan refused to apologise for the deeds committed during 1971 war which eventually led to Bangladesh’s independence
d) Because of the unsound diplomatic relations between the two nations

Answer. (c) 

444. The Supreme Court of India in November 2012 expressed its concerns on the growing smog cover over the National Capital, which is caused due to the pollution created by the increase in the number of vehicles in the Capital. Which of the following statements is true in this context?

a) One can see the smog cover in the sky even during the hot summer days when the wind density is low and weak.
b) Smog cover in the sky can only be seen in the cold winter months.
c) Smog in itself is the mixture of smoke and fog, which is the combination of pollutants created from industries and vehicles.
d) Smog is a mixture of fog and pollutants.

i. Statements a and c are correct
ii. All the above statements are correct
iii. Statements a and d are correct
iv. None of the above statements is correct

Answer. (i) 

445. When was the term Photochemical Smog first used and described?

a) In 1970s
b) In 1980s
c) In 1950s
d) In 1940s

Answer. (c) 

446. The world's rarest whale species was spotted for the first time by scientists of New Zealand in the Pacific Ocean. What is the name of this rarest whale species?

a) Spade-toothed beaked whales
b) Bowhead Whales
c) North Pacific Right Whales
d) Southern Right Whales

Answer. (a) 

447. The research paper published by the scientists presents a positive report about the change in the number of vultures, which resulted in a catastrophic decline in its number by more than 99 percent in past two decades. The study reveals that there has been a marginal rise in the population of Vultures between 2011 and 2012. Who published the research paper?

a) Delhi Development Authority (DDA)
b) Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
c) Delhi University’s Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Systems
d) None of these

Answer. (b) 

448. Australia on 16 November 2012 created the world's largest network of marine reserves, protecting more than 2.3 million square kilometres of ocean environment. However, the Marine reserve creation is going to ruin coastal communities and it will also affect thousands of jobs with a serious impact on US $ 2 billion aquaculture Industry. This was criticised by which organisation/organisations?

a) Commonwealth Fisheries Association
b) Australian Marine Alliance
c) Both of these
d) None of these

Answer. (a) 

449. Scientists tracked 55 large robber crabs on the Christmas Island in South of Indonesia in the third week of November, 2012. It was found that the land crabs having the leg span of around 3.3 feet or 1 metre usually stay in the small home range. Which technology was used to track these crabs?

a) Infrared Technology
b) GPS Technology
c) Google Maps Technology
d) None of these

Answer. (b) 

450. Major changes on the earth’s surface by checking the increase or decrease in gravity level are detected by which organisation/organisations?

a) World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
b) Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
c) Both of these
d) None of these

Answer. (b) 

सोमवार, 13 मई 2013

नरेगा से मनरेगा तक


महात्मा गांधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोज़गार गारंटी कानून (मनरेगा) दुनिया में अपने किस्म का अनोखा कार्यक्रम है। इसके तहत गाँवों के ग़रीबों को निश्चित पारिश्रमिक पर वर्ष में कम से कम 100 दिनों के रोज़गार की गारंटी दी गई है। यदि काम नहीं मिला तो बेरोज़गारी भत्ता दिया जाएगा। संसद के दोनों सदनों में पारित होने के बाद 25 अगस्त 2005 को यह कानून का रूप ले सका। उस समय इसे नरेगा नाम दिया गया। 2 अक्टूबर 2009 से इसके साथ महात्मा गांधी का नाम जोड़ दिया गया।

मनरेगा के जीवनकाल में 2012 का वर्ष कई बदलावों का साक्षी बना। केंद्रीय रोज़गार गारंटी परिषद ने मनरेगा के क्रियान्वयन के अनेक पहलुओं की समीक्षा के लिए छह कार्यबल का गठन सुझाव दिया। राष्ट्रीय सलाहकार परिषद ने राष्ट्रीय संसाधन प्रबंधन पर फोकस को इस कार्यक्रम का अभिन्न अंग बनाने की अनुशंसाएं की। नागरिक संगठनों के संघ (नेशनल कंसोर्टियम ऑफ सिविल सोसायटी ऑर्गेनाइजेशन) ने भी मनरेगा अवसरों चुनौतियाँ एवं आगे का रास्ता नाम से अपनी दूसरी रिपोर्ट दी। मिहिर शाह की अध्यक्षता वाली समिति ने नियमों एवं मार्गनिर्देशों को फिर से लिखने का कार्य किया। इन सभी अनुशंसाओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए ग्रामीण मंत्रालय ने सुधारों की शुरुआत कर दी है। केंद्रीय ग्रामीण विकास मंत्री जयराम रमेश ने जब से ग्रामीण विकास मंत्रालय का कार्यभार संभाला कई बार कहा कि इसकी कमियों को दूर कर इसे दुरुस्त कर दिया जाएगा। इस दिशा में कदम बढ़ाया भी गया है।

महात्मा गांधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोज़गार गारंटी कानून का लक्ष्य एक वित्तीय वर्ष में ग्रामीण परिवारों में जिसके वयस्क सदस्य अकुशल शारीरिक कार्य करना चाहते हैं, उन्हें 100 दिनों की पारिश्रमिक आधारित रोज़गार की गारंटी द्वारा ग्रामीण क्षेत्र के लोगों की जीवनयापन की सुरक्षा को सशक्त करना है। रोज़गार गारंटी के कानून बनने के बाद यह सरकार की ज़िम्मेदारी है कि वह इसके तहत आने वालों को कम से कम 100 दिनों का रोज़गार दे या फिर न देने पर भत्ते के रूप में जीवनयापन के न्यूनतम वित्तीय साधन उपलब्ध कराए। दूसरी ओर यह उन लोगों का कानूनी अधिकार भी है जिन्हें इस योजना के तहत काम मिलना चाहिए। इसमें 33 प्रतिशत कार्य महिलाओं को देने का प्रावधान करके इसे महिलाओं को सबल करने के लक्ष्य से भी जोड़ा गया है।

कानून पारित होने के पांच महीने बाद ही इसे साकार करने का पहला चरण आरंभ हो गया। 2 फरवरी 2006 को यह कार्यक्रम आंध्र प्रदेश के अनंतपुर से आरंभ हुआ। शुरू में यह 200 अत्यंत पिछड़े जिलों में आरंभ किया गया। अगले साल इसमें 130 और जिले जोड़े गए और इस समय यह देश के सभी जिलों में चल रहा है।

इसके तहत योग्य व्यक्ति यदि रोज़गार की अर्जी देता है तो उसे या तो 15 दिनों के अंदर काम दिया जाएगा या नहीं देने पर बेरोज़गारी भत्ता दिया जाएगा। दुनिया के किसी देश में ऐसा कानून उपलब्ध नहीं है। यह किसी कार्ययोजना के तहत दिए जाने वाले रोज़गार कार्यक्रम नहीं है। यह काम की मांग के अनुरूप दिए जाने वाला रोज़गार का कार्यक्रम है। जो किसी व्यक्ति को रोज़गार की अर्जी देने के 15 दिनों के अंदर ग्राम पंचायत जॉब कार्ड उपलब्ध कराएगा, जिस पर उसकी तस्वीर लगी होगी। आरंभ में कम से कम उसे 14 दिनों का काम मिलना ही चाहिए। ऐसा नहीं हुआ तो फिर उसे बेरोज़गारी भत्ता मिलेगा। आरंभ में मजदूरी दर-औसतन 60 रुपया रखी गई थी। लेकिन इसमें बदलाव होता रहा। अब मजदूरी को उपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकांक से जोड़ देने के कारण इसमें परिवर्तन होता रहा है। इस समय यह अलग-अलग राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों में न्यूनतम 117 से लेकर 181 रुपये के बीच है।

मनरेगा का सबसे खतरनाक असर कृषि पर तथा आम अकुशल श्रमिकों पर नकारात्मक मनोविज्ञान प्रभाव के रूप में सामने आ रहा है। आम अनुभव यह बताता है कि गाँवों में अब खेतिहर मज़दूरों का तेजी से अभाव होता जा रहा है तथा खेती करना कठिन हो गया। अलग-अलग क्षेत्रों की रिपोर्टें बता रही हैं कि किसानों ने कम से कम मज़दूरों से पैदा होने वाली फ़सलों की ओर मुड़ना आरंभ कर दिया है या वे खेतों में फल आदि का पेड़ लगा रहे हैं। यही नहीं गावों में खेती से संबंधित मशीनों की ख़रीद भी बढ़ी है। जाहिर है कि जिसके पास क्षमता होगी वही मशीनें ख़रीद सकता है या भाड़े पर अपनी खेती में उसका उपयोग कर सकता है। हालांकि सरकार इससे इनकार कर रही हैं।


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