Currency and Capital Name of Each Country in the World

Country	Capital	Currency
Countries with Capital and Currency of Asia
Afghanistan	Kabul	Afghani
Bahrain	Manama	Bahraini Dinar
Bangladesh	Dhaka	Taka
Bhutan	Thimpu	Ngulturm
Brunei	Bandar Seri Begawan	Brunei Dollar
Cambodia	Phnom Panh	Rile
China	Beijing	Yuan
Cyprus	Nicosia	Cyprus Pounnd
India	New Delhi	Indian Rupee
Indonesia	Djakarta	Rupiah
Iran	Tehran	Riyal
Iraq	Baghdad	Iraqi Dinar
Israel	Tel Aviv	Shekel
Japan	Tokyo	Yen
Jordan	Amman	Lordan Dinar
Kazakhstan	Akmola	Tenge
Korea (North)	Pyongyang	Won (KPW)
Korea (South)	Seoul	Won (KRW)
Kuwait	Kuwait City	Kuwait Dinar
Kyrgystan	Bishkek	Som (KGS)
Laos	Vientiane	Kip
Lebanon	Beirut	Lebnanesse Pound
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpu	Malaysian Ringgit
Maldives	Male	Rufiyaa
Mongolia	Ulan-Bator	Tugrik
Myanmar	Yangoon	Kyat
Nepal	Kathamandu	Nepalese Rupee
Oman	Muscat	Omani Rial
Pakistan	Islamabad	Pakistani Rupee
Philippines	Manila	Piso
Qatar	Doha	Qatari Riyal
Saudi Arabia	Riyadh	Riyal (SAR)
Singapore	Singapore	Singapore Dollar
Sri Lanka	Colombo	Sri Lanka Rupee
Syria	Damascus	Syrian Pound
Taiwan	Taipei	New Taiwan Dollar
Tajikistan	Dushambe	Tajik Rouble
Thailand	Bangkok	Baht
Turkemenistan	Ashkabad	Manat (TMM)
Turkey	Ankara	Turkish Lira
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	Dirham
Uzbekistan	Tashkent	Som (UKS)
Vietnam	Hanoi	Dong
Yemen	Sana	Riya (YER)
Countries with Capital and Currency of Europe
Country	Capital	Currency
Albania	Tirana	Lek
Andorra	Andorra-la-vella	Franc Pesta
Armenia	Yerevan	Dram
Austria	Vienna	Schilling
Belarus	Minsk	Manat
Belgium	Brussels	Belgian Franc
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Sarajevo	Konvertibilna Marka
Bulgaria	Sofia	Dinar
Croatia	Sofia	Lev
Czech	Zagreb	Koruna
Denmark	Copenhagen	Danish Krone
Estonia	Tallinn	Kroon
Finland	Helsinki	Marakka
France	Paris	Franc
Georgia	Tbilisi	Lari
Germany	Berlin	Deutsche Mark
Greece	Athens	Drachma
Hungary	Budapest	Forint
Iceland	Reykavik	Krona
Ireland	Dublin	Euro
Italy	Rome	Euro
Kosovo	Pristina	Euro
Latvia	Riga	Lats
Leichtenstein	Vaduz	Swiss Franc
Lithuania	Vilnius	Litas
Luxemburg	Luxemburg	Luxemburg France
Macedonia	Skopje	Dinar
Malta	Valletta	Maltese Lira
Moldova	Chisinau	Leu
Monaco	Monaco	French Franc
Montenegro	Podgorica	Euro
Netherlands	The Hague	Guilder
Norway	Oslo	Norwegian Krone
Poland	Warsaw	Zloty
Portugal	Lisbon	Escudo
Republic	Prague	Koruna
Romania	Bucharest	Lei
Russia	Moscow	Rouble
San Marino	San Marino	Italian Lira
Slovakia	Bratislava	Slovak Koruna
Slovania	Ljubljana	Tolar
Spain	Madrid	Peseta
Sweden	Stockholm	Krona(SEK)
Switzerland	Berne	Swiss Franc
Ukraine	Kiev	Karbovanets
United Kingdom	London	Pound Sterling
Vatican City State	Vatican City	Italian Lira
Yugoslavia	Belgrade	New Dinar
Countries with Capital and Currency of Africa
Country	Capital	Currency
Algeria	Algiers	Algerian Dinar
Angola	Luanda	Kwanza
Benin	Porto Novo	Franc (CFA)
Bostwana	Gaborone	Pula
Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou	Franc (CFA)
Burundi	Bujumbura	Burundi Franc
Cameroon	Yaoundi	Franc (CFA)
Cape Verde	Prala	Cape Verde Escudo
Central African Republic	Bangul	Franc (CFA)
Chad	N’D’ Jamena	Franc (CFA)
Comoros	Moroni	Comorian Franc
Congo	Brazzaville	Franc (CFA)
Djibouti	Djibouti	Djibouti Franc
Egypt	Cairo	Egyptian Pound
Equatorial Guinea	Malabo	Franc (CFA)
Eritrea	Asmara	Etheopian Birr
Gabon	Libereville	Franc (CFA)
Ghana	Accra	Cedi
Guinea	Conakry	Guinean Franc
Guinea Bissau	Bissau	Peso
Ivory Coast	Yamoussoukro	Franc (CFA)
Kenya	Nairobi	Kenya Shilling
Lesotho	Maseru	Loti
Liberia	Monorovia	Liberian Dollar
Libya	Tripoli	Libyan Dinar
Madagascar	Antananrivo	Malagasy Franc
Malawi	Lilongwe	Kwacha
Mali	Bamako	Franc (CFA)
Mauritania	Nouakchott	Ouguiya
Mauritius	Port Louis	Mauritius Rupee
Morocco	Rabat	Dirham
Mozambique	Maputo	Metical
Namibia	Windhock	Rand
Niger	Niamey	Franc
Nigeria	Lagos	Naira
Rwanda	Kigali	Franc
Senegal	Dakar	Franc
Seychelles	Victoria	Rupee
Sierra Leone	Freetown	Leone
Somalia	Mogadishu	Shilling
South Africa	Cape Town	Rand
Sudan	Khartoum	Pound
Swaziland	Mbabane	Lilangeni
Tanzania	Dar-es-Salaam	Shilling
The Gambia	Banjul	Dalasi
Togo	Lome	Franc
Tunisia	Tunis	Dinar
Uganda	Kampala	Shilling
Zambia	Lusaka	Kwatcha
Zimbabwe	Harare	Zimbabwe Dollar
Countries with Capital and Currency of North America
Country	Capital	Currency
Antigua and Barbuda	St. Johns	Dollar
Bahamas	Nassau	Dollar
Barbados	Bridgetown	Dollar
Belize	Belmopan	Dollar
Canada	Ottawa	Canadian Dollar
Costa Rica	San Jose	Colon
Cuba	Havana	Peso
Dominica	Roseau	Sterling
El Salvador	San Salvador	Colon
Grenada	St. George	Dollar
Guatemala	Guatemala City	Quetzal
Haiti	Port-au-Prince	Gourde
Honduras	Tegucigalpa	Lempira
Jamaica	Kingston	Dollar
Mexico	Mexico City	Peso
Nicaragua	Managua	Cordoba
Panama	Panama City	Balboa
St. Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre	Dollar
Trinidad and Tobago	Port-of-Spain	Dollar
United States of America	Washington D.C.	Dollar
Countries with Capital and Currency of South America
Country	Capital	Currency
Argentina	Buenos Aires	Austral (Pesu)
Bolivia	La Paz	Boliviano
Brazil	Brasilia	Cruzeiro
Chile	Santiago	Peso
Colombia	Bogotá	Peso
Ecuador	Quito	Suere
French Guyana	Koenne	Franc
Guyana	Georgetown	Dollar
Paraguay	Asuncion	Guarani
Peru	Lima	Nuevosol
Surinam	Paramaribo	Guilder
Uruguay	Montevideo	Peso
Venezuela	Caracas	Bolivar
Countries with Capital and Currency of Oceania
Country	Capital	Currency
Australia	Canberra	Australian Dollar
Fiji	Suva	Fiji Dollar
Nauru	Nauru	Dollar
New Zealand	Willington	New Zealand Dollar
Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby	Kina
Solomon Island	Honiara	Dollar
Tonga	Nukualofa	Panga

National Counter-terrorism Centre (NCTC): Issues and Options

Going by the recent claims of Home Minister Sushil Kumar Shinde, NCTC would see the light of the day after next month’s Chief Ministers’ conference. Earlier attempts to set-up an umbrella body on counter-terrorism failed mainly because of opposition from states ruled by non-Congress parties. Their concern was that the idea of unilateral operations by the NCTC would infringe on the states’ powers and hurt the federal structure of the country. But, there was also another hurdle in the form of reservations about placing NCTC within the Intelligence Bureau (IB). These two issues have now been addressed: by taking out “operations part” of the NCTC and also by not locating the NCTC within the IB.

Way back in 2009, the then Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram had outlined his vision for “the broad architecture of a new security system that will serve the country today and in the foreseeable future.” His idea was to institute an umbrella body dedicated to counter terrorism on the lines of the American NCTC with control over intelligence, operations and investigation of all matters pertaining to terrorism. The NCTC’s goals, according to Chidambaram, “will include preventing a terrorist attack, containing a terrorist attack should one take place, and responding to a terrorist attack by inflicting pain upon the perpetrators”. The aim of NCTC, according to the former Home Minister Chidambaram, was to reduce the failures of busting terror modules to zero.

Even a die-hard critic would not question the need for NCTC. Response to threats should depend on their nature. Undoubtedly, India is one of the worst affected countries by terrorism and, in the recent period, it has witnessed more terrorist incidents than any other country in the world. India confronts varied forms of threats that range from militancy in Jammu & Kashmir, insurgency in the northeast of India, Left Wing Extremism in Central India, and jihadi terrorism threatening the hinterland. Then there are other threats, over and above the identified main forms, such as illegal migration, drug-trafficking, smuggling of counterfeit currencies, small arms proliferation, organised crime and cyber warfare. All these determine the nature of terrorism confronted by India. Yet, the country lacks a single overarching body dedicated to counter terrorism. The time limit for constituting the NCTC was initially set as end-2010, but is yet to see the light of the day. Now, the present Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde has indicated his readiness “to tweak controversial proposals to break the impasse.” Any new counter-terrorism body would be a failure unless it is evolved based on consensus of all states of India.

To avoid duplication, Chidambaram wanted all related agencies involved in counter-terrorism (although they are part of different ministries) like Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO), Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI), Aviation Research Centre (ARC), Multi-Agency Centre (MAC), Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), National Investigation Agency (NIA) to report to the proposed NCTC (under the Ministry of Home Affairs) on matters related to terrorism. However, there is an intense resistance to this “submission”. There is a pervasive fear that such an arrangement would lead to over-centralisation of powers in the Home Minister and the Ministry of Home Affairs emerging as “super ministry”.

Although the above apprehension is farfetched, it is the responsibility of the Center to convey in unambiguous terms NCTC’s focus i.e. “terrorism only”. It should be acknowledged that intelligence/investigation/security agencies have a far wider mandate than terrorism. Even on matters terrorism, the methodology of working would be cooperation and coordination and not subordination of one agency to the other. The final objective is to bring about synergy and cohesion in counter-terrorism efforts, by doing away with overlapping, duplications, bottlenecks and unnecessary hurdles. To achieve this objective, it is enough if NCTC functions as an umbrella organisation with representations from intelligence, investigation and security agencies. It should be in a position to integrate all instruments of national power, including diplomatic, economic, social, political, military, intelligence, and law enforcement to ensure unity of effort. It should happen at central, state and local levels. The tentacles of the NCTC should penetrate deep down upto district levels instead of being another top-heavy organisation.

It need not follow any international model – US, UK or European – but that which suits India’s capabilities and threats. It has to be innovative and proactive in its approach rather than defensive and reactive. ‘Prevention’ and ‘protection’ should be the main watch words. For this, the Centre should constantly monitor terror/militant groups, their support network, sponsors, sanctuaries, mode of operation, threat potential, and leadership and make periodic threat assessments for policy makers. In this regard, it can effectively use ‘Crime and Criminal Tracking Network System (CCNTS), National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID), Central Monitoring System (CMS) and Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). Personnel for NCTC could be pooled from relevant intelligence, investigation and security agencies headed by the senior most experienced officer on rotation basis with simple command structure. In this way, turf wars could be avoided, with the potential and efficacy of the agencies maximised.

- See more at: http://www.vifindia.org/article/2013/april/01/national-counter-terrorism-centre-nctc-issues-and-options#sthash.BqjqFhLk.dpuf