India's Population 2012

Current Population of India in 2012	1,220,200,000 (1.22 billion)
Total Male Population in India	628,800,000 (628.8 million)
Total Female Population in India	591,400,000 (591.4 million)
Sex Ratio	940 females per 1,000 males
Age structure
0 to 25 years	50% of India's current population
Currently, there are about 51 births in India in a minute.
India's Population in 2011	1.21 billion
India's Population in 2001	1.02 billion
Population of India in 1947	350 million

S.N	State	Population	Growth rate	Area Sq.Km.	Density Sq.Km.	Sex Ratio	Literacy
	India	1,210,193,422	17.64	3287240	382	940	74.04
1	Uttar Pradesh	199,581,477	20.09	240928	828	908	69.72
2	Maharashtra	112,372,972	15.99	307713	365	946	82.91
3	Bihar	103,804,637	25.07	94163	1102	916	63.82
4	West Bengal	91,347,736	13.93	88752	1029	947	77.08
5	Andhra Pradesh	84,665,533	11.10	275045	308	992	67.66
6	Madhya Pradesh	72,597,565	20.30	308245	236	930	70.63
7	Tamil Nadu	72,138,958	15.60	130058	555	995	80.33
8	Rajasthan	68,621,012	21.44	342239	201	926	67.06
9	Karnataka	61,130,704	15.67	191791	319	968	75.60
10	Gujarat	60,383,628	19.17	196024	308	918	79.31
11	Orissa	41,947,358	13.97	155707	269	978	73.45
12	Kerala	33,387,677	4.86	38863	859	1084	93.91
13	Jharkhand	32,966,238	22.34	79714	414	947	67.63
14	Assam	31,169,272	16.93	78438	397	954	73.18
15	Punjab	27,704,236	13.73	50362	550	893	76.68
16	Chhattisgarh	25,540,196	22.59	135191	189	991	71.04
17	Haryana	25,353,081	19.90	44212	573	877	76.64
18	Delhi	16,753,235	20.96	1483	11297	866	86.34
19	Jammu  and Kashmir	12,548,926	23.71	222236	56	883	68.74
20	Uttarakhand	10,116,752	19.17	53483	189	963	79.63
21	Himachal Pradesh	6,856,509	12.81	55673	123	974	83.78
22	Tripura	3,671,032	14.75	10486	350	961	87.75
23	Meghalaya	2,964,007	27.82	22429	132	986	75.48
24	Manipur	2,721,756	18.65	22327	122	987	79.85
25	Nagaland	1,980,602	-0.47	16579	119	931	80.11
26	Goa	1,457,723	8.17	3702	394	968	87.40
27	Arunachal Pradesh	1,382,611	25.92	83743	17	920	66.95
28	Puducherry	1,244,464	27.72	479	2598	1038	86.55
29	Mizoram	1,091,014	22.78	21081	52	975	91.58
30	Chandigarh	1,054,686	17.10	114	9252	818	86.43
31	Sikkim	607,688	12.36	7096	86	889	82.20
32	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	379,944	6.68	8249	46	878	86.27
33	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	342,853	55.50	491	698	775	77.65
34	Daman and Diu	242,911	53.54	112	2169	618	87.07
35	Lakshadweep	64,429	6.23	32	2013	946	92.28

Economics Vocabulary start from 'V'

 Value added

This usually refers to firms, where it is defined as the value of the firm's output minus the value of all its inputs purchased from other firms. It is therefore a measure of the profit earned by a particular firm plus the wages it has paid. As a rule, the more value a firm can add to a product, the more successful it will be. In many countries, the main form of indirect taxation is value-added tax, which is levied on the value created at each stage of production. However, it is paid, ultimately, by whoever consumes the finished product.

Another definition of value added refers to the change in the overall economic value of a company. This takes into account changes in the combined value of its shares, assets, debt and other liabilities. Part of the pay of company bosses is often linked to how much economic value is added to the company under their management.

Value at risk

Value at risk models, widely used for risk management by banks and other financial institutions, use complex computer algorithms to calculate the maximum that the institution could lose in a single day's trading. These models seem to work well in normal conditions but not, alas, during financial crises, which is arguably when it is most necessary to know how much value is at risk.

Variable costs

Part of a firm’s production costs that change according to how much output it produces. Contrast with fixed costs. Examples include some purchases of raw materials and workers’ overtime payments. In the long run, most costs can be varied.

Velocity of circulation

The speed with which money whizzes around the economy, or, put another way, the number of times it changes hands. Technically, it is measured as GNP divided by the money supply. It is an important ingredient of the quantity theory of money.

Venture capital

Private equity to help new companies grow. A valuable alternative source of finance for entrepreneurs, who might otherwise have to rely on a loan from a probably risk averse bank manager. The United States has by far the world's biggest venture capital industry. Some economists reckon that this is why more innovative new firms have become successful there. As legend has it, with a bright idea, a garage to work in and some venture capital, anybody can create a Microsoft. However, the bursting of the dot com bubble in 2000 threw American venture capital into a severe recession, damaging its reputation for financing profitable innovation.

Vertical equity

One way to keep taxation fair. Vertical equity is the principle that people with a greater ability to pay should hand over more tax to the government than those with a lesser ability to pay.

Vertical integration

Merging with a company at a different stage in the production process, for instance, a car maker merging with a car retailer or a parts supplier. Unlike horizontal integration, it is likely to raise antitrust concerns only if one of the companies already enjoys some monopoly power, which the deal might allow it to extend into a new market.

Visible trade

Physical exports and imports, such as coal, computer chips and cars. Also known as merchandise trade. Contrast with invisible trade.

Volatility

The most widely accepted measure of risk in financial markets is the amount by which the price of a security swings up and down. The more volatile the price, the riskier is the security. Not least because there is no obvious alternative, economists often use past volatility to forecast the future risk of a security. However, as the saying goes, past results are not necessarily guides to future performance.

Voluntary unemployment

Unemployment through opting not to work, even though there are jobs available. This is the joblessness that remains when there is otherwise full employment. It includes frictional unemployment as a result of people changing jobs, people not working while they undertake job search and ¬people who just do not want to work.

NATO

NATO is a political and military alliance whose primary goals are the collective defence of its members and the maintenance of a democratic peace in the North Atlantic area. All 28 Allies have an equal say, the Alliance’s decisions must be unanimous and consensual, and its members must respect the basic values that underpin the Alliance, namely democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. NATO has a military and civilian headquarters and an integrated military command structure but very few forces or assets are exclusively its own. Most forces remain under full national command and control until member countries agree to undertake NATO-related tasks.

The following countries are members of the Alliance: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

NATO is forging a growing network of partnerships. The Alliance provides a unique forum for member and partner countries to consult on security issues to build trust and help prevent conflict. Through practical cooperation and multilateral initiatives, Allies and partners are addressing new security challenges together. Partner countries engage with the Alliance in ways that are individually tailored to their specific interests and requirements. While they have a voice and offer valued political and military contributions, they do not have the same decision-making authority as a member country. Partnerships encompass not only countries in the Euro-Atlantic area, the Mediterranean and the Gulf region but also countries across the globe including Australia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Iraq, Afghanistan and Mongolia. In addition, NATO cooperates with a range of international organizations including the United Nations and the European Union.

NATO has three core tasks:

• Collective defence,

• Crisis management and

• Cooperative security through partnerships.

The Alliance is committed to protecting its members through political and military means. It promotes democratic values and is dedicated to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military capability needed to undertake collective defence and crisis-management operations alone or in cooperation with partner countries and international organizations. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan is currently NATO’s main priority. There, NATO’s core role is to assist the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in exercising and extending its authority across the country while helping create a stable and secure environment in which reconstruction and development can take place.

 In addition, NATO has four other ongoing missions and operations:

• NATO has been leading a peace-support operation in Kosovo since June 1999.

• The Alliance’s ships patrol the Mediterranean, monitoring shipping to deter terrorist activity.

• The Alliance helps combat maritime piracy in the Gulf of Aden and off the Horn of Africa.

• At the request of the African Union (AU), NATO is providing assistance to the AU Mission in Somalia and capacity-building support to its long-term peacekeeping capabilities.

Beyond its operations and missions, NATO engages in a wide variety of other activities with Allies and partners. Areas of cooperation include defence and political reform, military planning and exercises, scientific collaboration and research, information sharing, and humanitarian crisis relief.

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the Alliance’s principal political decision-making body. The Council and a network of committees provide the framework for Allies to consult, cooperate and plan for multinational activities both political and military in nature.

The Council meets weekly at the level of Allied ambassadors, and more frequently when needed. Regular meetings of the Council also take place at the level of foreign or defence ministers. Every year or two, NATO holds a Summit where Allied Heads of State and Government decide on strategic questions facing the Alliance. Regular meetings also take place with representatives from NATO’s partners. Within NATO Headquarters in Brussels, each Ally has a permanent representative with the rank of ambassador. He or she is supported by a national delegation consisting of diplomatic staff and defence advisers, who either attend committee meetings themselves or ensure that national experts participate. Each Ally’s sovereignty must be respected and a final decision must have the full backing of all members. For this reason, NATO’s decision-making process is based on unanimous consent, so extensive discussions are often required before an important decision can be taken. This process ensures that when NATO decides to take action, all Allies stand behind the decision.

Political aspects of these decisions are implemented through NATO’s civilian Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. Military aspects are implemented, under the political oversight of the Council, through NATO’s Military Committee. This Committee liaises with NATO’s two strategic commands: Allied Command

Operations located in Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) near Mons, Belgium, and Allied Command Transformation, located in Norfolk, Virginia, in the United States. NATO has a Secretary General who is appointed for approximately four years. He or she is a senior politician from one of the member countries. The Secretary

General chairs meetings of the North Atlantic Council and other important NATO bodies, helps to build consensus among members, and serves as the principal spokesperson of the Alliance. In managing day-to-day activities of the Alliance, he or she is supported by an international staff of experts and officials from all NATO countries. The current Secretary General is Anders Fogh Rasmussen, formerly Prime Minister of Denmark.